陕西小学教育研究（1927-1937）

【作者】 李琳；

【导师】 张华腾；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 “国运兴衰,系于教育”,小学教育在国民教育中处于基础地位,它肩负着为更高一层次的学校和社会输送各类人才及提高国民素养并培养生活所必需的基本知识技能的重任,其所起的作用不言而喻。陕西近代化的小学教育发端于19世纪末期20世纪初,民国成立之后,陕西省小学教育有了进一步发展。1927Ⅷ1937年是中国社会相对较为稳定的一个时期。通过国民革命,南京国民政府在形式上统一了中国,为中国社会各方面的发展创造了一个良好的社会环境。杨虎城、邵力子,以及社会各界人士对教育的重视,以及1935年厉行义务教育,促进了这一时期陕西省小学教育的发展,不论是从学校数、学生数还是教职员数与教育经费数来看,这一阶段的陕西省小学教育得到了持续发展。本文通过对陕西省档案馆所收藏的有关陕西小学教育相关文献资料的阅读与分析,并且结合民国时期的有关期刊、论著以及学者的一些论述,试图对1927-1937年陕西小学教育进行初步研究与分析。本文主要分为四个部分,第一部分是陕西小学教育的产生与发展,从清末、北洋政府和南京国民政府三个时期进行概述陕西省小学教育的产生、初步发展与持续发展的三个阶段的概况。第二部主要分析陕西小学教育的师资力量,从小学教师的来源、提高、检定和薪俸生活进行研究分析。陕西省举办师范讲习所、简易师范学校,广植师资力量;多次举办小学教师训练所、假期讲习会,训练师资,不断提高小学教师的知识与技能;设立小学教育通讯研究处,予以教师研究和进修的机会,改良塾师,推进义务教育,进行教师的培养与检定,淘汰不合格教师,促进了师资队伍的规范化管理,使得教师水平和质量整体提高。第三部分主要分析了陕西小学教育经费,由教育经费独立问题、省、县教育经费收支三方面组成,随着教育经费的独立,中央拨款、省教育经费与县教育经费的总体上升,加之私人助学的发展,为陕西小学教育的发展提供了物质保障。第四部分主要分析陕西小学教育的特点,从地区发展不平衡、私塾与新式小学并存、密切联系时代,注重教育救国与卫生教育三方面进行论述,并阐述其原因,揭示在新旧交织、冲突、融合的南京国民政府时期,作为中国传统社会结构下的产物,社会结构没有完全转变以前,私塾是很难从根本上取缔的,私塾与新式小学并存的社会现象会一直持续,这是当时的时代所造就的。随着教育改革的不断深化与发展,通过对1927-1937年陕西小学教育的研究,吸取其宝贵的经验教训,本文意在通过对近代陕西小学教育的发展的经经验教训研究,从而为陕西省当代小学教育的发展提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 "The rise and fall of national sports depends on education".Primary education is in the basic position of national education.It shoulders the important task of transporting all kinds of talents for high-level schools and society,improving national literacy and cultivating basic knowledge and skills necessary for life.Its role is self-evident.Shaanxi’s modern primary education began in the late 19th century and early 20th century.After the founding of the Republic of China,Shaanxi’s primary education has further developed.From 1927 to 1937,Chinese society was relatively stable.Through the National Revolution,the Nanjing National Government formally unified China and created a good social environment for the development of all aspects of Chinese society.Yang Hucheng,Shao Lizi and people from all walks of life attached great importance to education and implemented compulsory education in 1935,which promoted the development of primary education in Shaanxi Province.It is the number of teaching staff and education funds that show that primary education in Shaanxi Province has been sustained development at this stage.This paper attempts to make a preliminary study and analysis of Shaanxi primary school education(1927-1937)in the period of Nanjing National Government by reading and analyzing the relevant materials of Shaanxi primary school education collected by Shaanxi Archives,combining with the relevant periodical works in the period of the Republic of China and some discussions of modern scholars.This paper is mainly divided into four parts.The first part is the emergence and development of Shaanxi primary education.It summarizes the three stages of Shaanxi primary education from the late Qing Dynasty,Beiyang Government and Nanjing National Government.The second part mainly analyses the teachers’strength of Shaanxi primary education,and studies the source,improvement,verification and salary life of primary school teachers.Shaanxi Province holds teacher training institutes,simple normal schools and extensively cultivates teachers’strength;holds training institutes and vacation seminars for primary school teachers on many occasions to train teachers and continuously improve their knowledge and skills;establishes a communication research office for primary school education to provide opportunities for teachers’ research and further education,improve primary school teachers,promote compulsory education,train and verify teachers,and eliminate unqualified teachers.Teachers have promoted the standardized management of the teaching staff and the overall improvement of the level and quality of teachers.The third part mainly analyses Shaanxi’s primary education funds,which are composed of three aspects:the independence of education funds,the income and expenditure of provincial education funds and the collection of county education funds.With the independence of provincial education funds,the overall increase of central allocation,provincial education funds and county education funds,together with the development of private education,provides material guarantee for the development of Shaanxi’s primary education.The fourth part mainly analyses the characteristics of primary education in Shaanxi Province,from three aspects:unbalanced regional development,coexistence of private schools and new-style primary schools,close contact era,focusing on education to save the nation and health education,and expounds its reasons,revealing that private schools,as a product of traditional Chinese social structure,did not exist in the social structure during the period of Nanjing National Government,which was intertwined,conflicted and integrated between the old and the new.Private schools can hardly be banned fundamentally until they are completely changed.The coexistence of private schools and new primary schools will continue,which was created by the times at that time.With the deepening of education reform,through the study of Shaanxi primary education during the period of Nanjing National Government,we can find its advantages and disadvantages,on the one hand,we can draw on its valuable experience and make use of it.This paper aims to provide reference and Enlightenment for the development of Shaanxi contemporary primary education by studying the experience and lessons of the development of Shaanxi primary education in modern times.更多还原