【作者】 郝燕；

【导师】 陈年来；

【作者基本信息】 甘肃农业大学 ， 基础生态学， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 沼液具有养分全面、易分解、作用持久等特点,已被广泛应用于农业生产,利用沼液替代化学肥料可减少化肥用量,提高土壤质量,有利于农业可持续发展。为探明沼液用量和施用年限对绿洲土壤质量的影响,明确沼液在葡萄生产中的施用效果,本研究以鲜食葡萄—红巴拉多和正常厌氧发酵产生的原沼液为材料,以常规施用化学肥料为对照进行连续2年田间试验,进行不同比例沼液替代和增施处理,通过测定土壤基本理化性质、土壤微生物功能及葡萄产量和品质变化,探讨沼液施用对土壤质量和葡萄生产的影响,为该地区葡萄生产中沼液替代化学肥料提供理论指导和实证依据。主要研究结果如下:1.施用沼液能够有效改善绿洲土壤物理性质,调节表层土壤温度、减缓葡萄生育期土壤含水率下降,但对耕层土壤容重、孔隙度和田间持水量无显著影响。2.施用沼液能够有效提高土壤肥力水平,显著提高土壤有机质和速效养分含量。与单施化肥相比,施用沼液后,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别显著提高43.8%~83.1%,12.5%~143.3%,34.7%~89.0%和27.0%~110.7%。随沼液施用年限增加,土壤有机质和速效养分含量提高幅度进一步增大,其中增施167%氮量处理效果较好。3.施用沼液能够显著提高土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量碳氮含量。随沼液施用年限增加,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性进一步增强,土壤过氧化氢酶活性提高幅度减小。施用沼液后,土壤微生物量碳含量显著提高45.1%~186.2%,土壤微生物量氮含量显著提高14.0%~95.3%,提高幅度随沼液施用年限增加而增大。总体看来,替代33%氮量和增施133%、167%氮量处理效果较好。4.施用沼液能够有效提高土壤微生物群落代谢活性,其中替代33%氮量处理提高效果最好,土壤微生物碳源利用能力较强,整体代谢活性较高,与单施化肥相比平均颜色变化率(AWCD)提高1.03%~5.80%。随沼液施用年限增加,各处理间差异增大,增施沼液处理的效果优于沼液替代处理。与对照相比,增施沼液处理可使氨基酸类碳源利用率提高2.3%~33.2%,羧酸类碳源利用率提高15.5%~35.8%,聚合物类碳源利用率提高5.1%~10.3%,酚酸类碳源利用率提高7.7%~103.4%,胺类碳源利用率提高11.0%~56.1%。5.施用沼液能够显著改善葡萄产量构成要素、提高葡萄产量,但葡萄品质下降。沼液施用后,葡萄叶片比叶重、叶绿素含量和葡萄单粒重、穗粒数、果穗数、果穗重、株产量均显著提高;各沼液处理对葡萄果汁可溶性固形物含量无显著影响,但有机酸含量显著提高。随沼液施用年限增加,葡萄穗粒数、果穗重进一步提高,株产量提高幅度增大,各处理间果粒可溶性固形物和有机酸含量差异减小。就葡萄果实产量和品质而言,替代33%、67%氮量处理效果较好。综合考虑各沼液处理对土壤理化特性、土壤微生物功能以及葡萄生产等多个方面的影响,替代33%氮量和增施167%氮量处理效果较好。更多还原

【Abstract】 Biogas slurry has been widely used in agricultural production due to its comprehensive nutrients,easy decomposition and lasting effects.Returning biogas slurry to farmland as liquid fertilizer can reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer and improve soil quality,which is conducive to the sustainable development of agriculture.In order to find out the effects of biogas slurry dosage and application years on soil quality and determine the application effects in Qilian grape sightseeing garden,field experiments were carried out for 2 years with fresh Balado Red grape as the material.The raw biogas slurry produced by normal anaerobic fermentation was used as irrigation fertilizer,the conventional chemical fertilizer was used as control and different proportions of biogas slurry for substitution and increase treatments were set.The effects of biogas slurry application on soil quality and grape production were studied by measuring the basic physical and chemical properties of soil,microbial function of soil and grape yield and quality,which were helpful to establish a reasonable fertilization system for grape cultivation in this area.The main results were as follows:1.Biogas slurry could effectively improve the soil physical properties,regulate the surface soil temperature and slow down the decline of soil moisture content in the grape growth period,but the improvement effects on surface soil bulk density,porosity and field moisture capacity were not significant.2.Biogas slurry could effectively improve soil fertility level and significantly increase the contents of soil organic matter and available nutrients.Compared with the application of chemical fertilizer,the contents of soil organic matter,available N,available P and available K were significantly increased by 43.8%~83.1%,12.5%~143.3%,34.7%~89.0% and 27.0%~110.7%,respectively.With the increase of application years,the contents of soil organic matter and available nutrients increased to a greater extent,among which 167% nitrogen treatment had a better application effect.3.Biogas slurry could significantly improve soil enzyme activitivies and soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents.As the application period increased,the activities of sucrase,urease and alkaline phosphatase in soil increased further and the activities of catalase in soil decreased.After biogas slurry application,soil microbial biomass carbon content significantly increased by 45.1%~186.2% and soil microbial biomass nitrogen content significantly increased by 14.0%~95.3%,with the increase in biogas slurry application years.In general,the effects of replacing 33% nitrogen and increasing 133% and 167% nitrogen treatments were better.4.Biogas slurry could effectively improve the metabolic activity of soil microbial community,among which the best effect was achieved by replacing 33% nitrogen treatment.Under this treatment,soil microbial carbon source utilization ability was stronger and overall metabolic activity was higher,which was 1.03%~5.80% higher than that of chemical fertilizer application.With the increase of application years,the differences between the treatments increased.At the same time,increasing nitrogen treatments(especially 133% and 167%)had more advantages than substitute nitrogen treatments in improving the ability of soil microbial carbon source utilization.The utilization rate of amino acid,carboxylic acid and polymer carbon source increased 2.3%~33.2%,15.5%~35.8% and 5.1%~10.3%,respectively.The utilization rate of phenolic acid and amine carbon source increased 7.7%~103.4% and 11.0%~56.1%,respectively.5.Biogas slurry could significantly improve grape yield components and increase grape yield,but grape quality decreased.After biogas slurry application,the specific leaf weight,chlorophyll content,single grain weight,grain number,ear number and plant yield were significantly increased.The effect of biogas slurry treatments on soluble solid content was not significant while the content of organic acid was significantly increased.With the increase of application years,the number of grains per ear and the weight of fruit ear increased further,the increase of plant yield increased,and the difference of soluble solid and organic acid contents in fruits between different treatments decreased.In terms of the yield and quality of grape fruits,the application of nitrogen replacement with 33% and 67% were more effective.Taking the effects on soil physical and chemical properties,soil microbial function and grape production into consideration,we concluded that the application effects of replacing 33% nitrogen and increasing 167% nitrogen treatments were better.更多还原