【作者】 陈辉；

【导师】 黄德明；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 国际法学， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 国际社会对联合国维和行动的批评与诟病一直伴随在维和行动产生、发展的过程中。联合国各会员国、国际组织、包括联合国自身都在不断探索走出“维和困境”的方法,但是效果不容乐观。造成这一困境的原因有很多,该文主要从维和力量尤其是人员、资金、装备等与维和行动不匹配、各会员国积极性低、缺乏配合协调能力、维和行动具有滞后性及政治敏感性这几个方面进行研究,从而发现私营军事安保公司在化解上述困境中的积极作用。私营军事安保公司伴随着伊拉克战争走进国人视线,在全球轰动一时的“黑水事件”将这种习惯在“黑暗”中运作的神秘组织及其人员推向国际舆论的风口浪尖。这两个看似没有关联的主体,其实又有着千丝万缕的联系。近年来,私营军事安保公司参与到各类维和任务中,带来积极效果的同时也对国际社会产生了一系列挑战,如何应对这些挑战显得尤为重要。中国在这股“维和私营化”浪潮中的立场及应对措施也需要被讨论。该文在系统阐述联合国维和行动所面临的问题以及私营军事安保公司合法性的基础上,分析私营军事安保公司参与维和行动的可行性、产生的挑战及应对,同时简单讨论中国的态度及应对措施。第一章通过对现实中“维和困境”的分析得出私营军事安保公司参与维和行动具有必要性这一观点。通过卢旺达维和行动与塞拉利昂维和行动两次失败的维和实践,总结维和行动中存在的各会员国积极性低、维和力量尤其是人员、资金、装备等与维和行动不匹配、缺乏配合协调能力、维和行动具有滞后性及政治敏感性等问题;而针对上述问题展开的维和行动的改革效果并不明显,因此有必要将私营军事安保公司纳入到维和中,尝试借助其特点与优势化解“维和困境”。第二章讨论了私营军事安保公司参与维和行动的合法性与可行性。通过当前的国际法律文件明确私营军事安保公司的概念,并通过私营军事安保公司与雇佣军的辨析及《蒙特勒文件》、联合国《可能公约草案》、《私营安保公司国际行为守则》等一系列国家间或企业间的文件证明这类主体在国际法上的合法地位,也为其参与维和行动提供了法律依据。私营军事安保公司参与维和行动也具有可行性:在长期以来联合国维和行动改革效果不佳的情况下,私营军事安保公司凭借自身特点及优势能够有针对性地解决第一章中维和行动存在的问题,以帮助联合国更好地展开维和行动。而现实中,私营军事安保公司已经参与到维和行动中并发挥了积极作用,在总结这些良好实践经验的基础上,该文提供了几种“维和私营化”的可能方案。第三章辩证地分析了“维和私营化”在带来独特优势的同时,也产生了一系列的挑战,以及各方能够采取的应对措施。私营军事安保公司参与维和行动存在着可能与维和行动目标、原则相违背的风险;对联合国集体安全制度的理论与实践也产生了一定挑战;参与到维和行动中的私营军事安保公司雇员的法律适用问题、身份问题及各方责任承担问题对当前国际法也存在挑战。针对这些挑战,该文较有针对性地进行分析并提出了一些思考方式、解决办法及应对措施,认为这些挑战是能够得到解决的,不能以此否定“维和私营化”带来的积极作用。当然,为更好地应对这些挑战,需要尽快完善国际法规则及各国国内法与配套措施,其中,制定具有普遍约束力的关于私营军事安保公司的国际公约是最行之有效的办法,虽然在实际操作中充满阻力,但国际社会也应共同努力,使私营军事安保公司参与维和行动有法可依,也解决维和行动目前面临的困境。第四章分析了中国面对“维和私营化”的态度及应对措施。作为《蒙特勒文件》的第一批签署国,中国承认私营军事安保公司的合法地位,并在实践中逐步开放对私营安保公司的态度,近年来有很多雇佣私营安保公司提供海外安保服务的案例。国际社会对“维和私营化”的态度在改变,中国也应顺应潮流,在完善国内法与积极推动国际立法的基础上,循序渐进地将私营军事安保公司纳入到维和行动中,以缓解中国肩负的愈来愈艰巨的维和任务。更多还原

【Abstract】 The international community’s criticism of UN peacekeeping operations has been accompanied by the process of the emergence and development of peacekeeping operations.Members of the United Nations,international organizations,including the United Nations itself,are constantly exploring ways to get out of the "peacekeeping dilemma," but the results are not optimistic.There are many reasons for this dilemma.This dissertation mainly focuses on the mismatch between peacekeeping forces,especially personnel,funds and equipment,and the peacekeeping operations.The lack of enthusiasm and coordination of member states,hysteresis and political sensitivity of peacekeeping operations are also main reasons for this dilemma.Several aspects of research have been carried out to discover the positive role of private military and security companies in resolving these dilemmas.Private military and security companies have entered the eyes of the Chinese people along with the Iraq war.The sensational "Blackwater Incident" in the world has pushed this kind of mysterious organization and its personnel who operate in the "darkness" to the cusp of international society.These two seemingly unrelated subjects are in fact inextricably linked.In recent years,private military and security companies have participated in various peacekeeping missions,which have brought positive effects and have created a series of challenges for the international community.How to deal with these challenges is particularly important.China’s position and response in this wave of“privatization of peacekeeping” also need to be discussed.On the basis of systematically expounding the problems faced by UN peacekeeping operations and the legitimacy of private military and security companies,this dissertation analyzes the feasibility and challenges of private military and security companies participating in peacekeeping operations,and briefly discusses China’s attitudes and responses.The first chapter concludes that the participation of private military and security companies in peacekeeping operations is necessary through the analysis of the“peacekeeping dilemma” in reality.Through two failed peacekeeping practices:the Rwanda peacekeeping operation and the Sierra Leone peacekeeping operation,it is concluded that the peacekeeping forces in peacekeeping operations,especially personnel,funds,equipment,etc.do not match peacekeeping operations.At the same time,Peacekeeping operations have problems such as low enthusiasm,lack of coordination,the hysteresis and political sensitivity.The reform of the peacekeepingoperations on the above issues is not successful.Therefore,it is necessary to incorporate private military and security companies into peacekeeping,and try to resolve the "peacekeeping dilemma" with its characteristics and advantages.The second chapter discusses the legality and feasibility of private military and security companies participating in peacekeeping operations.The concept of private military and security companies is clarified through current international legal documents,and the analysis between private military and security companies and mercenaries,the international documents such as Montreux Document,the United Nations Draft Possible Convention and the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Companies proving the legal status of private military and security companies in international law,they also provide a legal basis for their participation in peacekeeping operations.It is also feasible for private military and security companies to participate in peacekeeping operations: Under the circumstance that the reform of UN peacekeeping operations has not been effective for a long time,private military and security companies can solve problems existing in the first chapter of peacekeeping operations with their own characteristics and advantages to help the UN carry out peacekeeping operations better.In fact,private military and security companies had participated in and played an active role in peacekeeping operations.Based on these good practices,this dissertation provides several possible options for“privatization of peacekeeping”.The third chapter dialectically analyzes that “privatization of peacekeeping” may bring unique advantages,but also creates a series of challenges and countermeasures that all parties can take.The participation of private military and security companies in peacekeeping operations has several risks that they may contradict the purpose and principles of peacekeeping operations;they also pose certain challenges to the theory and practice of the United Nations collective security regime;the legal application of private military and security companies and the identity issues of their employees involved in peacekeeping operations,the responsibility of all parties also pose challenges to current international law.In response to these challenges,this dissertation analyzes and proposes some ways of thinking,solutions and countermeasures.It is considered that these challenges can be solved and cannot be used to negate the positive effects of “privatization of peacekeeping”.Of course,in order to better resolve these challenges,it is necessary to improve the rules of international law and the domestic laws and supporting measures as soon as possible.Among them,the formulation of a universally binding international convention on private military and security companies is the most effective method.Although it is full of resistance in actual operations,the international community should also work together to make private military and security companies participate in peacekeeping operations and to address the current difficulties faced by peacekeeping operations.The fourth chapter analyzes China’s attitude and countermeasures when facing "privatization of peacekeeping".As one of the first signatory countries of the Montreux Document,China recognizes the legal status of private military and security companies and gradually opens its attitude towards private security companies in practice.In recent years,there have been many cases of hiring private security companies to provide overseas security services.The attitude of international community towards "privatization of peacekeeping" is changing.China should also follow the trend.On the basis of perfecting domestic laws and actively promoting international legislation,the private military and security companies will be gradually incorporated into peacekeeping operations to alleviate China’s more and more difficult peacekeeping missions.更多还原