【作者】 程俊；

【导师】 张全明；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 中国史， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 两宋320年间,湖北地区的气象灾害爆发相当频繁,其中共有111次水灾、110次旱灾、19次其他气象灾害以及49次衍生灾害,共计289次。从时间分布看:在王朝方面,湖北在孝宗朝27年间发生的气象灾害次数最多,共60次,光宗朝的灾害频率最高,年均3.2次;从十年分布特征来看,在1160-1209年的连续50年中,湖北共发生了 109次气象灾害及其衍生灾害,占比高达37.7%,是宋代湖北灾害爆发的高峰期;在季节特征上,夏季发生的气象灾害最为频繁,冬季灾害次数最少,夏秋两季、尤其夏季是宋代湖北气象变化最为剧烈的季节。从空间分布看:兴国军和鄂东南的蕲州、黄州是受灾最为频繁的地区;其次是江陵府、鄂州与复州等府州所在的江汉平原一带;再次是鄂北的襄阳府和鄂西北的商州(金州)上津县等地,气象灾害次数相对较少的是鄂西南的施州一带。总体上呈现一个从东向西、从南向北逐渐减少的分布态势。频繁的气象灾害严重威胁着当地民众的生命安全。这些灾害影响着从农业生产到粮食消费的各个环节,对湖北地区的农业社会经济造成了极大的破坏;灾害造成的人口流亡与民众骚乱,严重冲击了湖北地方的社会秩序;灾害令民众无以为生,同族相食、亲子可弃的凄惨景象频频出现,对社会人伦道德也造成了极大的冲击。面对湖北地区肆虐的气象灾害,宋朝和当地官府以及部分民间人士也及时采取了应对措施。在灾害预防方面,当地官府在朝廷的指导下,不仅积极劝课农桑,鼓励民众从事农业生产,开垦荒田,还抓紧对常平仓、义仓等仓储进行建造与维护,充分发挥其仓储备荒的功能;同时在湖北各地大力兴修包括长渠、木渠在内的水利设施,为当地的防灾工作打好基础。在灾后物资救济方面,宋朝不仅调动国库和地方各类物资救灾,而且还采用劝分和招商等方式,广泛动员民间富民和商人参与湖北的救灾,又通过调粟和禁遏籴来引导各地救灾资源互补。然后综合采用赈给、赈粜与赈贷等方式对湖北灾民进行物资救济,包括大米、麦、粟、粥、粮种等常见粮食品种以及药物、酒糟、钱、度牒等物品,及时地缓解了当地灾民的生存困境。在灾后的非物资救济方面,朝廷和官府一面对湖北民众的各类赋役及其向官府借贷的钱粮物资提供蠲免与倚阁的政策优惠,另一方面还着手在湖北地区宽决刑狱,对于因灾沦为贼盗的民众从宽处理。这对于当地百姓的灾后重建与恢复生产大有裨益。宋代官方和民间因为湖北地区的灾害而进行的各种主观祈祷与反省,在一定程度上也有助于灾后湖北民众的心理修复。此外,宋朝在湖北地区灾后施行的以工代赈、以蝗易粮和灾时募民为兵等“官——民互动”的救济措施,有利于提高灾害应对的整体实效。综合来看,宋朝在湖北地区的救灾行为,虽然本质是为了维护自身统治,但客观上却是一个“与民让利”的过程。从湖北地区灾害应对的效果来看,宋朝对地方民众的灾害救济基本是成功的。更多还原

【Abstract】 During the 320 years of the Song Dynasty,meteorological disasters that broke out in Hubei Province are quite frequent,including 111 floods,110 droughts,19 other meteorological disasters and 49 derivative disasters,totaling 289 times.From the perspective of time distribution:in the dynasty,Hubei Province suffered the most meteorological disasters during the 27 years of Song Xiaozong Dynasty,a total of 60 times.The Song Guangzong Dynasty had the highest frequency of disasters,averaging 3.2 times per year.From the perspective of the distribution characteristics of the decade,in the continuous 50 years from 1160 to 209,there were 109 meteorological disasters and their derivative disasters occurred in Hubei Province,accounting for 37.7%of the total,which was the peak period of the disaster outbreak in Hubei during the Song Dynasty.In terms of seasonal characteristics,meteorological disasters occurred most frequently in summer and the number of winter disasters was the least.The summer and autumn,especially summer,was the season which had most drastic meteorological changes in Hubei Province during the Song Dynasty.From the perspective of spatial distribution:Xingguo Army and Qizhou and Huangzhou in southeastern Hubei are the areas most frequently affected by disasters;followed by the Jianghan Plain,where Jiangling Prefecture,Ezhou,Fuzhou and some other Prefectures are located;once again,Xiangyang Prefecture in northern Hubei and Shangjin County of Shangzhou(Golden State)and other places in the northwestern Hubei,While the number of meteorological disasters was relatively small in the Shizhou area in southwestern Hubei.In general,there was a distribution trend that gradually decreases from east to west and from south to north.Frequent meteorological disasters seriously threaten the lives of local people.These disasters have affected all aspects from agricultural production to food consumption,and caused great damage to the agricultural social economy in Hubei Province.The Population exile and civil unrest caused by disasters have seriously impacted the local social order in Hubei Province.The disaster has made the people unable to make a living.The miserable scenes of the same family eat each other and abandonment of children have appeared frequently,which has also caused great impact on the ethics and morality of the society.In the face of meteorological disasters raging in Hubei,Court of the Song Dynasty and the local government and some folks also took timely measures to deal with them.In terms of disaster prevention,under the guidance of the imperial court,the local government not only actively encouraged the people to engage in agricultural production and reclaim wasteland,but also paid close attention to the construction and maintenance of warehouses such as Changping Warehouse and Yicang Warehouse,gave full play to their function of warehousing reserves.At the same time,water conservancy facilities including long canals and wooden canals were vigorously constructed throughout Hubei Province to lay a solid foundation for local disaster prevention work.In terms of material relief after the disaster,the Song Dynasty court not only mobilized the state treasury and various local materials to provide disaster relief,but also widely mobilized the rich civilians and businessmen to participate in the relief of Hubei Province by means of persuading the rich to help the poor and investment promotion methods,And guided locals to provide disaster relief resources to each other through Mobilizing food and Prohibition of interference in food transactions.Then comprehensively adopting the methods of Giving,Reluctant glutinous rice and Reluctant loan to provide material relief for the victims of Hubei Province,including rice,wheat,millet,porridge,grain seeds and other common food varieties,as well as drugs,distiller’s grains,money,and sputum,etc.,which could alleviate the survival dilemma of the local victims in a timely manner.In terms of non-material relief after the disaster,on the one hand,the court and the local government offered the Hubei people with preferential policies of exemption and deferred payment for all kinds of taxes and servitude,as well as the money,grain and other materials they borrowed from the local government.On the other hand,in the Hubei area,they also set out to leniently execute the prisoners in the prison,especially leniently deal with people who had become thieves because of the disasters.These measures were of great benefit to the local people’s post-disaster reconstruction and recovery of production.The various subjective prayers and reflections made by the official and folk in the Song Dynasty due to the disasters in Hubei Province also contributed to the psychological rehabilitation of the people in Hubei after the disaster to a certain extent.In addition,the relief measures implemented by the Song Dynasty court in the post-disaster areas of Hubei Province,such as relief for work,food for locusts and recruitment the people as soldiers during disasters,are conducive to improving the overall effectiveness of disaster response.On the whole,although the disaster relief behaviors of the Song Dynasty government in Hubei Province were essential to maintain its own rule,objectively it was a process of "making benefits with the people." Judging from the effect of disaster response in Hubei,the Song Dynasty court’s disaster relief for local people was basically successful.更多还原