依申请的财产保全错误及损害赔偿问题研究

【作者】 张璇；

【导师】 马丁；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 法律硕士（专业学位）， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 财产保全是指法院在受理起诉前或诉讼过程中,根据利害关系人或当事人提出的申请,或者依职权对当事人的财产或争议标的物作出的强制性保护措施,以保证将来作出判决后能够得到有效的执行。财产保全制度具有临时性、紧急性等属性特征。该制度在诉讼程序中的正确适用,既能够有效维护申请人的合法权益,又可以兼顾被保全人的利益,也有利于维护司法权威性。随着我国法治事业的蓬勃发展,公民法律意识的显著增强,财产保全制度已在民事司法实践中得以广泛运用。在中国裁判文书网上检索关键词“财产保全”可以发现,相关案件在2015年有10.5万件、2016年有18.8万件、2017年有25.7万件。案件数量逐年递增趋势明显。尽管财产保全制度能够在一定程度上保障申请人的合法权益,助推执行难题的解决,但也要看到财产保全制度在为审判和执行带来便捷和保障的同时,申请保全错误完全存在导致被保全人权益受损害之可能。近几年,因财产保全错误而引发的损害赔偿纠纷屡见不鲜。通过分析、梳理相关裁判文书可以发现,问题主要集中在申请财产保全错误如何认定,及损害赔偿金额如何确定两个方面。有鉴于此,本文立意对这两方面的问题展开论述,分析问题的成因,并试图提出可行的问题解决方案。申请财产保全错误在类型上区分为:申请财产保全前提错误,具体包括诉前保全申请人没有在法定期限内提起诉讼或申请仲裁、本诉起诉未被受理或撤诉、申请人本诉被法院判决驳回诉讼请求等三种情形;申请财产保全对象错误;申请财产保全金额错误等。申请财产保全错误认定之关键在于确定归责原则。应当适用过错责任原则还是无过错责任原则,实务界观点与理论研究界观点并不统一。《民事诉讼法》对此问题仅作原则性规定,《侵权责任法》也未明确应当如何适用。从笔者梳理的我国生效判决来看,适用过错责任原则已成为司法实务界之主流。申请财产保全错误作为一般侵权行为,应当从有法律规定的损害行为、损害结果、因果关系以及申请人主观过错四个方面分别考察,据以作出准确判断。就损害赔偿金额之确定而言,不宜一概而论,而应当从申请财产保全错误的类型、保全标的物的性质和被保全人的止损义务等方面综合考量。对能够准确计算损失金额的部分据实予以赔偿,而不能准确计算金额的损失则以公平原则为依据予以适当赔偿。只有这样,才能更好的平衡保全申请人和被保全人之间的权益。就如何防范和降低财产保全错误发生几率、减轻被申请人损失这一问题,本文建议:首先,在源头上,法院应当加大对申请条件及具体案情的审查力度,对被保全人利益予以适当保护。其次,在财产保全的执行过程中,增加被保全人对保全过程的参与度,强化法院对执行的监督责任,扩大法院依职权解除保全的职责范围。再次,拓宽被保全人的权利救济途径,从制度上保证被申请人的复议权和直接诉讼权。至于认定申请财产保全错误之归责原则适用,需要从立法层面予以明确,以确保法律适用中的统一。更多还原

【Abstract】 Property preservation means’ that,in order to ensure that a future effective judgment can be executed or to avoid property losses,the People’s Court shall,before or after an interested party brings an action,take compulsory measures to restrict the disposal of the property,the subject matter in dispute or other property related to the case.The property preservation system has the characteristics of temporality,urgency,subordination and secrecy.Through the universal application of the property preservation system in civil litigation,it not only safeguards the legitimate rights and interests of the applicant,balances the interests of both parties in the lawsuit,but also maintains the authority and seriousness of the law.With the progress of our country legal system construction and improvement of citizens1 legal consciousness,property preservation system has been widely used in civil lawsuit.By searching the field of "Property preservation" through the Chinese referee document Network,we can find 105 thousand pieces of such lawsuit in 2015,188 thousand pieces in 2016,and 257 thousand pieces in 2017.The number of cases involving property preservation has been increasing year by year.To a certain extent,the property preservation system safeguards the legitimate rights and interests of the applicant and alleviates the problem of" difficult implementation".However,it is also necessary to see that while bringing convenience and guarantee for judicial,litigation and execution,the property preservation system may also cause damage to the rights and interests of the respondent due to the error in applying for property preservation.In recent years,there have been many cases of disputes over compensation liability for property preservation errors,including pre-litigation applications and in-litigation applications.Despite the frequent occurrence of such cases,it is found that there are still many problems in case judgment through combing and analyzing the effective judgment,mainly focusing on how to identify the error of applying for property preservation and how to determine the amount of damages.This paper mainly discusses this problem.The error of applying for property preservation can be divided into three types:the premise error of applying for property preservation,error in applying for property preservation and wrong amount of property preservation application.The premise error includes the failure of the property preservation applicant to bring a lawsuit or apply for arbitration within the legal period before the lawsuit,the failure of the property preservation applicant to accept or withdraw the lawsuit before the lawsuit,and the rejection of the lawsuit request by the court after the lawsuit.Although the error of applying for property preservation application is so divided,it does not mean that it is certain to apply for property preservation error even if it conforms to this type.It still needs to make case analysis and judgment according to specific cases.The core problem of error in applying for property preservation lies in the application of the imputation principles.As for whether to apply the principle of fault liability or no-fault liability principle,the point of view of judicial practice and theoretical research is not unified.The Civil Procedure Law only has principle provisions,and the Tort Liability Act also doesn’t clarify exactly what kind of imputation principle can apply to it.Thus,disputes can’t^be well solved.Judging from the effective judgment,the principle of applying fault liability has become the mainstream of judicial practice.As a general infringement,the error in applying for property preservation shall be comprehensively investigated from four aspects,namely,the illegality,the fact of damage,the causal relationship and the applicant’s subjective fault,so as to make an accurate judgment.On the determination of damages,it cannot be lumped together but should be comprehensively considered from the types of error in applying for property preservation,the nature of the preserved subject matter and the stop-loss obligations of the preserved.Compensation should be paid according to accurate calculation of the amount of loss,If the amount cannot be accurately calculated,then compensation should be paid from the perspective of fairness so as to better protect the interests of the people preserved,ensuring the balance of interests.The premise and source of applying for property preservation error compensation dispute is applying for property preservation errors,how to prevent or reduce errors,and how to reduce the damage to property of the respondent.This paper makes some thinking:from the origin of applying for property preservation,the court should increase the investigation of application for property preservation,and the protection of the interests of the people preserved appropriately,and also increase preserved people’s participation in the property preservation.In the process of the implementation of property preservation,the supervision responsibility of the court on the implementation of property preservation is strengthened,and the scope of the court to remove property preservation according to its functions and powers is expanded.The court can’t make a ruling only when the applicant or the security person releases the application of property preservation.The right relief way of the protected person shall be widened to ensure the applicant’s right of application for reconsideration and right of lawsuit.In the principle of determining the liability for the error of applying for property preservation,it needs to be clarified and unified from the perspective of legal norms.更多还原