【作者】 刘鹏；

【导师】 刘振生；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 野生动植物保护与利用， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 2014年10月至2015年10月,在贺兰山国家级自然保护区,利用红外相机技术对同域分布阿拉善马鹿(Cervus elaphus alasiacus)与岩羊(Pseudoisnayaur)的活动规律、的集群行为进行了研究。探讨了阿拉善马鹿与岩羊的日活动节律模式及季节变化;从时间角度分析两者在生态位上的分化,揭示两者在时间生态位上的分化方式和共存机制;分析了马鹿与岩羊的集群类型和大小及其出现的频次和季节性变化。获得如下主要结果:1.马鹿的日活动节律属于晨昏活动模式,日活动高峰期:5:00-10:00、16:00-21:00,存在季节性变化(冷季与暖季的日活动节律重叠Δ=0.77),由暖季到冷季晨昏活动高峰期均向中午移动(暖季:4:00-8:00、16:00-22:00,冷季:6:00-11:00、15:00-20:00)昼间活动强度大于暖季,而夜间低于暖季。2.岩羊日活动节律为主要在昼间活动的模式,其活动高峰期有两个(8:00-10:00、13:00-15:00),存在一定季节性变化(Δ=0.74):由暖季到冷季,昼间活动高峰期向后推迟(暖季:7:00-9:00、12:00-14:00,冷季:9:00-11:00、13:00-17:00),夜间活动降低。3.两者在日活动节律模式上的相似度较高(Δ=0.67),存在冷季(Δ=0.66)高于暖季(Δ=0.61)的季节变化。日活动节律模式分离特征为:马鹿为晨昏活动模式,岩羊为昼间活动模式;前者昼间活动强度低于后者,而夜间强于后者;两者活动在高峰期上大体错开。4.马鹿的平均集群大小1.4±1.04只,最大的群为11只,有6种集群类型,出现的频次差异极显著(x2=550.32,df=5,p<0.001),单个雌性群出现的频次最高。在不同季节,集群类型存在显著的季节性差异(x2=22.96,df=5,p<0.001)。集群大小存在显著的季节性差异(x2=4.94,df=1,p<0.05),在冷暖季中马鹿的集群大小均以1-2只为主,其出现的频次占各季节群数90%左右。不同集群类型平均集群大小不存在显著的季节差异(x2=0.022,df=1,p=0.881),不同季节集群类型大小也不存在差异不显著(x2=2.018,df=1,p=0.155)。5.岩羊平均集群大小为1.78±1.49只,最大的群为20只,有6种集群类型,出现的频次差异极显著(x2=1108.87,df=5,p<0.001),单个雄性群出现的频次最高。在不同季节,集群类型存在显著的季节性差异(x2=188.67,df=5,p<0.001)。集群大小不存在显著的季节性差异(x2=2.29,df=1,p=0.131),在冷暖季中岩羊均以单独活动为主,其出现的频次占各季节群数60%左右。不同季节不同集群类型平均群集大小不存在显著差异(x2=0.428,df=1,p=0.513),不同集群类型群大小的季节变化差异也不显著:在所有季节中,母仔群、雌性混合群、雄性混合群、雌雄混合群以2只大小为主。本研究具有重要意义,为两者行为生态学研究的深化提供必要的科学依据,也为两者的保护和管理提供科学依据,而且还从时间角度探究两者在生态位上的分化,揭示两者在时间生态位上的分化方式和共存机制。更多还原

【Abstract】 From September 2011 to December 2012,a research was conducted on the daily activity pattern and the group behavior of red deer(Cervur elphus alashanicus)and blue sheep(Pseudois nayaur)by using infrared camera technology in Helan Mountains National Nature Reserve.First,daily activity rhythms and seasonal variations of the two species were studied.Second,the divergence in ecological niche between them was analyzed from a temporal perspective,revealing their divergence pattern in temporal ecological niche and mechanism of coexistence.Third,their aggregate habits,group size and the frequency and seasonal variations were analyzed.The results are as follows:1.Red deers’ activity focus on dawn and dusk,the peak periods of its daily activity are:5:00-10:00 and 16:00-21:00.However,this changed seasonally(daily activity pattern coefficient of overlap:Δ=0.77).From the warm season to the cold season,peak moved towards noon(warm season:4:00-8:00,16:00-22:00;cold season:6:00-11:00,15:00-20:00).Daytime activity intensity in the cold season was greater than that in the warm season,but was lower at night time than that in the warm season.2.The daily activity patterns of blue sheep is in a mainly diurnal pattern,in which two peak periods with seasonal variations(8:00-10:00,13:00-15:00).From warm season to cold season(Δ=0.74),the peak periods of diurnal activity delayed(warm season:7:00-9:00,12:00-14:00;cold season:9:00-11:00,13:00-17:00),and nocturnal activities decreased.3.High level of similarities was found in the daily activity pattern of the two species(Δ=0.67),which was found higher in cold season(Δ=0.66)that in warm season(Δ=0.61).Besides,the cold season is higher than the warm season in the change.The characteristics of the two species’ daily activity patterns are as follows:red deer showed crepuscular habits,and blue sheep showed a daytime activity pattern.The former has a lower daytime activity than that of the latter but it is stronger than the latter at night,and the activities of the two species are generally staggered at the peak hour.4.The average number of red deer size was 1.4 ± 1.04,and the largest group size was 11.There has existed significant differences of occurrence frequency between the six group types(x2=550.32,df=5,p<0.001),and the Solitary female group appeared at a highest frequency.The frequency of different group types has existed significant seasonal differences(x2=22.96,df=5,p<0.001).The frequency of occurrence of the group size existed differences(x2=4.94,df=1,p<0.05).In the cold and warm season,the number of red deer’s group size is mainly 1-2,and the frequency of each season is about 90%.The average group size of different groups among seasons didn’t differ significantly(x2=0.022,df=1,p=0.881).The group size of different groups among seasons didn’t differ significantly(x2=2.018,df=1,p=0.155):In all seasons,the Ewe-lamb group,the Female group,the Male group,and the Female-male group are mainly composed of 2 sizes.5.The average number of blue sheep size was 1.78±1.49,and the largest group size was 20.There has existed significant differences of occurrence frequency between the six group types(x2=1108.87,df=5,p<0.001),and the Solitary male group appeared at a highest frequency.The frequency of different group types has existed significant seasonal differences(x2=188.67,df=5,p<0.001).The frequency of occurrence of the group size not significant differences(x2=2.29,df=1,p=0.131).In the cold and warm season,blue sheep are mainly independent activities,and the frequency of each season is about 60%.The average group size of different groups among seasons didn’t differ significantly(x2=2.29,df=1,p=0.131).The group size of different groups among seasons didn’t differ significantly(x2=0.428,df=1,p=0.513):In all seasons,the Ewe-lamb group,the Female group,the Male group,and the Female-male group are mainly composed of 2-3 sizes.This study is of significant importance because it provided necessary scientific evidence for further behavioral ecology research on red deer and blue sheep,as well as scientific evidence for the conservation and management of the two species.Moreover,the divergence pattern and coexistence mechanism were found out by studying their divergence in ecological niche from a temporal perspective.更多还原