西周春秋“土功”研究

【作者】 张斌；

【导师】 刘伟；

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 “土功”一词数见于早期文献,其在西周春秋时期指“土事”,即土木工程建设之事,专指公共权力机构为了某些目的而发动百姓兴建的大型工程。“土功”由两大互相关联的系统构成,一是“治水”,包括防洪治河、航运工程以及由公共权力机关组织民众修建的大型农田水利;二是“城筑”,包括修建城邑、宫殿、园囿、台榭以及筑路、建桥,其中前四者呈包摄性关系。在对西周春秋时期的“土功”进行了系统界定后就可以按图索骥,梳理典籍中所记载的西周春秋时期的“土功”活动。以往研究成果虽然相对丰富,但是并非题无剩意,仍有进一步探究的空间,主要表现在三个方面:首先,确定西周时期“土功”活动时间的依据相对单一。其次,学界对于筑城问题研究的深入,而对于修建园囿、城门、桥梁、道路等工程建设则关注不足。复次,对于文献所载“土功”活动的某些错讹与模糊之处仍需进行考辨,比如《史记·周本纪》记载的文王营建丰邑的时间或不可信,镐京的营建实跨文武两代,灵台和灵囿的建造时间可能并不固定,《尚书·无逸》篇的“康功”与“田功”性质不同,成周洛邑的营建时间跨度或为7年,《今本竹书纪年》所载“立高圉庙”实为重修高圉庙,《说苑·至公》篇周公卜居之地或不为曲阜而为奄城,《公簋》铭文的“廿又八祀”对于晋侯作美宫时间的确立影响不大,鲁叔四器铭文中的“为宫”为鲁炀公营建曲阜城的组成部分,《中方鼎》和《中甗》铭文中所建的“王居”性质当为军事要塞,仲山甫城齐的目的在于防遏淮夷入侵,《雍伯鼎》铭文不当释读为“王命雍伯鄙于?为宮”,秦文公“作鄜畤”的时间当在公元前755年,楚国章华宫的修建前后花费五年的时间,《论语·先进》篇所载“鲁人为长府”的时间为公元前517或公元前516等等。在西周春秋时期众多的“土功”类职官中,司空可以称为“土功”活动的专职职官。对于司空的体系和职责方面尚有进一步探研的需要。司空在西周中后期逐渐形成了梯形分层结构,在王朝司空职官类型中,有了大司空——中央司空/地方司空之别,而诸如郑地、周地等重要地区的地方司空也有大、小之别,这种司空体系普遍存在于周文化圈内,并基本为春秋时期各主要诸侯国所承袭。春秋时期,除了小司空隶属于大司空外,与大司空关系密切的还有两职——工正和匠氏,春秋时期与军事密切相关的工匠归隶属于大司马之下工正领导,与工程建设关系密切的工匠归属匠氏领导,并仍然隶属于大司空。职责方面西周春秋时期的各类司空均负有工程建设职责,西周金文资料中司空频频出现在土地交割活动中不是因为司空主管土地,而是由于其掌握一套系统的土地规划方法,这种职责因该时期职官文武不分所以既包括民事也涵盖军事。大司空则因卿位而掌握一些普通司空不掌握的权利,这些权利按照《左传》的记载可以概括为率军出征和参与会盟。此外,大司空还掌握司法权,西周时期因为尚未有专职的司法官,所以大司空的司法权限涵盖民事和刑事,到了春秋时期则因司寇、士师的出现而仅限于民事方面。这些都关系到对于西周春秋时期各级司空在“土功”活动中所发挥作用的认识,因此不可不辨。经过对于西周春秋“土功”活动和职官的探研可以归纳出这两段时期“土功”的特点。西周时期的“土功”多为军事工程,以周王为中心,且与宗法关系密切相关,这些特点与西周时期王权的强大、军事拓殖、宗法封建制的兴盛等时代特点密不可分。而春秋时期的“土功”以城邑建设为主,凸显重农与慎作的思想,主体由周王变为诸侯、卿大夫,司空的作用更加明晰,这些特点则是春秋时期列国征战、政权下移、“民主”思潮兴起等时代特色的体现。由此可见,西周春秋时期“土功”的特点与这两个时代的社会特色密切相关。更多还原

【Abstract】 The term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)is found in the early literatures.It is the meaning of It is the meaning of"affairs concerned soils"which should be explained"engineering construction concerning soil and wood"in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period.It refers to large-scale projects that public authorities have launched for some purposes by motivating civilians.The term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)consists of two interrelated systems.The one side is"water control",including flood control,river management,shipping projects,and large-scale farmland water conservancy built by public authorities.The other side is"urban construction",including the construction of cities,the palace,the garden,the platforms,which have the relationship of inclusion,as well as building roads and building bridges.After systematically defining the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period,it is possible to map out the activities of the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)recorded in literatures of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period.Although the previous researches are relatively abundant,there is still some aspects for further exploration.First,the evidences of determining the time of the activities of the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)in the Western Zhou Dynasty is relatively simple.Second,the academic circles have deepened their research on the problem of cities,but they are not paying enough attention to the construction of gardens,gates,bridges,roads and so forth.Moreover,some errors and ambiguities in the activities of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)contained in the literatures still need to be examined.For instance,the time recording in the Records about the Zhou Dynasty in Historical Records(《史记·周本纪》)of the building of the capital of Feng Yi(丰邑)by King of Zhou Wen(周文王).The construction of the capital of Haojing(镐京)was by King of Zhou Wen(周文王)and King of Zhou Wu(周武王).The construction time of the Platform of Ling(灵台)and the Garden of Ling(灵囿)may not be fixed.The properties the term of"Kang Gong"(康功)and the term of"Tian Gong"(田功)in the Book of Documents(《尚书》)are different.The span of time for the construction of the capital of Chengzhou Luoyi(成周洛邑)is 7 years.The meaning of"building of The Temple of Gaoyu"(高圉)in the Bamboo Annals in Inherited edition(《今本竹书纪年》)is actually reestablishing it.The site of the capital of Lu selected by Zhou Gong(周公)in the chapter of Zhigong in Shuoyuan(《说苑·至公》)is not the city of Qufu,it is the city of Yancheng(奄城).The inscription of the bronze of about 28 years of Juegong Gui(《公簋》)has little impact on the time of the building of beautiful courts by Marquis Jin(晋侯).The inscription of"building courts"(“为宫”)in four bronzes belonged to Lushu(“鲁叔四器”)is an integral part of the reckless establishment of the city of Qufu.The residence of King of Zhou in the inscription of the bronze of Zhong Yan(《中甗》)serves as the military fortress.The purpose of strengthening the cities of Qi by Zhong Shanfu(仲山甫)is preventing the invasion of Huaiyi(淮夷).The inscriptions in the bronze of"Yong Bo Ding"(《雍伯鼎》)are improperly interpreted as"Yong Bo is granted the map by King of Zhou who locates in the palaceof You Wei".The time of building Temple of Fu(鄜畤)might be at 755BC.It takes five years to build the construction of the Palaces of Zhanghua(章华宫)by state of Chu.The time of building Treasury Chang(长府)contained in The Analects of Confucius(《论语》)might be 517BC or 516BC.Among the many officers who are related to the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”),the officer of Si Kong(司空)is the full-time officer who is in charge of the activities of the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”).There is spare research in the term of system and obligation of the officer of Si Kong(司空).During the Western Zhou Dynasty,the officer of Si Kong(司空)gradually became systematic in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty.The officers of Si Kong(司空)in the system of central officers in the Western Zhou Dynasty includes the officer of Da Si Kong(大司空)——the officer of Si Kong(司空)/the officer of Si Kong(司空)in location,and there are advanced low-level differences in important areas of local vacancies such as Zheng(郑)and Zhou(周).This system of the officer of Si Kong(司空)is a ubiquitous in the cultural circle of Zhou Dynasty,and basically extended to the majority of vassal states in the Spring and Autumn Period.There are two officers closely related to the officer of Da Si Kong(大司空)—the officer of Gong Zheng(工正)and Jiang Shi(匠氏),except for the officer of Xiao Si Kong(小司空).The officer of Gong Zheng(工正)closely associated with the military belongs to the officer of Da Si Ma(大司马)while the artisans who are obligation for the constructions belonged to the officer of Jiang Shi(匠氏)which still affiliates the officer of Da Si Kong(大司空).In terms of responsibilities of the officer of Si Kong(司空),all kinds of the officer of Si Kong(司空)in the West Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period are responsible for constructions of engineering.The inscriptions of bronzes in Western Zhou Dynasty indicates that the officer of Si Kong(司空)always engage in the issues of transaction of soils,which does not because the duty of officer of Si Kong(司空)is managing soils but the officer of Si Kong(司空)owes a serials of methods of soils planning.The property of responsibility includes both civil and military because property of officials don`t divide into clerical officers and military officers during the West Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period.The officer of Da Si Kong(大司空)has mastered some of the rights that the officer of ordinary Si Kong(普通司空)does not possess rights.These rights can be summarized as the right of military dominance and diplomacy alliance according to the records of The Tso Chuan(《左传》).Besides,the officer of Da Si Kong(大司空)also has jurisdiction.Because there is no full-time judicial officer in the Western Zhou Dynasty,the judicial power of the officer of Da Si Kong(大司空)covered civil and criminal matters.In the Spring and Autumn Period,it is limited to civil affairs due to the appearance of the officer of Si Kou(司寇)and the officer of Shi Shi(士师).These are all related to the understanding of the role played by the different levels of officers of Si Kong(司空)in the activities of the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)during the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period in.Therefore,it must be distinguished.After the study of the activities and the officers of the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period,the characteristics of the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)during the two periods can be summarized.The term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)of the Western Zhou Dynasty was centeredon mostly military engineering,and surrounded the King Zhou,and closely related to the system of Clan Law.These characteristics are inseparable from the characteristics of the period of the powerful monarchy,military colonization,and the prosperity of the system of Clan Law.In the Spring and Autumn Period,the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)was mainly based on the construction of the city,highlighting the idea of agriculture attention and engineering caution The initiator of project changed from King Zhou to princes and courtier.The role of the officer of Si Kong(司空)was more clear.These characteristics are related to the battles of the countries during the Spring and Autumn Period,the downward of political rights and the rise of the"democracy"trend of thought and other characteristics of the period.It can be seen that the characteristics of the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period are closely related to the social characteristics of the two eras.更多还原