【作者】 张颖；

【导师】 纪宝明； 王铁梅；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 农业硕士（专业学位）， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 牛至(Origanum vulgare L.)是一个重要的商业草本香料,其作为我国批准应用的唯一植物源药物饲料添加剂——牛至油的植物来源,具有巨大的潜在综合利用开发价值。但是不同的牛至种随产地、海拔以及精油含量的不同,牛至油的精油生产效益不同,能否大面积推广某个种或者品种种植使其获得较大的生产效益值得研究。因此,本试验通过对希腊牛至(Origanum vulgare L.ssp.hirtum)和甜牛至(Origanum majorana L.)两种牛至的生物学特征以及农艺性状比较、精油得率及其有效成分的比较,选择出高产精油以及香芹酚含量稳定的适宜大面积种植生产的牛至种,为牛至产业化和工业化应用提供相关研究数据。研究结果如下:(1)希腊牛至和甜牛至在形态学和植物学特征上显示出差异显著:希腊牛至的株高、茎粗、叶面积、叶长、叶宽要显著大于甜牛至(p<0.05),植株比甜牛至分别高59.4%、粗28.7%,叶片比甜牛至分别大168.1%、长75.5%、宽59.7%;而分枝数、叶厚要显著小于甜牛至(p<0.05),比甜牛至少52.1%,叶片薄44.7%。此外,希腊牛至亩产生物量要显著大于甜牛至(p<0.05),比甜牛至高146.3%,植株含水量之间虽无显著性差异,但是甜牛至的含水量仍高于希腊牛至。综合生育期间观察,希腊牛至比甜牛至的生长要快,开花早,植株直立生长,长势较高,枝丛健壮,叶片呈卵形,叶片大且薄,而甜牛至长势较慢,株丛矮小,分枝多且细,叶片接近椭圆形,小而厚实。综上所述,希腊牛至的生物学性状以及农艺性状要优于甜牛至。(2)用水蒸气蒸馏法提取希腊牛至和甜牛至的精油得率分别为0.018%、0.233%,相同方法制备两种牛至精油得率大小为:甜牛至>希腊牛至。精油提取率能够随着助添剂氯化钠的添加量增加而呈现增加的趋势,但当助添剂超过一定量的时候,精油提取率会降低。当加入氯化钠固体的比例使得溶液中氯化钠浓度达到1.6%的时候,牛至精油得率最高,较对照组增加了 0.033%。之后,随着氯化钠固体比例继续增加,精油得率呈明显的下降趋势。GC-MS分析法从水蒸气提取法得到的希腊牛至精油中,共分离出18个峰,鉴定出10个,占色谱总流出峰相对百分含量的78.87%。鉴定的10种挥发性化合物,其中包括8种烯(55.24%),2种醇(23.63%)。其中含量较高的成分有石竹烯氧化物(41.51%),α-杜松醇(16.65%)。GC-MS分析法从水蒸气蒸馏中得到的甜牛至精油中,共分离出10个峰,鉴定出10个,占色谱总流出峰相对百分含量的99.99%。鉴定的10种挥发性化合物,其中包括5种烯(22.18%),1种烃(20.25%),2种醇(52.68%),1种脂(2.93%),1种酚(1.95%)。其中含量较高的成分有邻伞花烃(20.25%),萜品烯-4-醇(44.14%),Y-松油烯(8.37%),α-萜品醇(8.54%)。两种牛至的化学组分完全不同,但是都含有较多的烯类和醇类物质。(3)希腊牛提取挥发油后全株残渣的粗蛋白含量比甜牛至全株残渣的粗蛋白含量高出1.349%,没有显著差异;但是甜牛至提取挥发油后全株残渣的粗纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维要显著高于希腊牛至(p<0.05),分别高出7.30%、12.40%和1 1.7%;希腊牛至提取挥发油后全株残渣的粗灰分含量显著高于甜牛至全株残渣(p<0.05),高出3.6%。希腊牛至提取挥发油后叶片残渣的粗蛋白含量比比甜牛至全株残渣的粗蛋白含量高出2.732%,显著高于甜牛至叶片残渣(p<0.05);甜牛至提取挥发油后叶片残渣的粗纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维也要显著高于希腊牛至(p<0.05),分别高出3.90%、21.7%和16.6%;希腊牛至提取挥发油后叶片残渣的粗灰分含量显著高于甜牛至叶片残渣(p<0.05),高出17.5%。根据草地牧草的饲用价值评价,希腊牛至和甜牛至的饲喂质量都达到优类。更多还原

【Abstract】 Origanum vulgare L.is an important commercial herb spice,as the plant source of oregano oil,it is the only botanical feed additive for plants approved by China.It has enormous potential for comprehensive utilization and development.However,different oregano species have different yields depending on the origin,elevation,yield,and extraction rate of essential oils.It is worth investigating whether or not it is possible to promote large-scale cultivation of a certain species or variety to obtain greater production benefits.Therefore,this experiment compares the biological and agronomic traits of two oreganos,Origanum vulgare L.ssp.hirtum,and Origanum majorana L.,and compares the yield of essential oils and their active ingredients,then select the high-yielding essential oils and the suitable concentration of carvacrol in the large-scale cultivation of oregano are suitable for the industrialization and industrialization of oregano.The research results are as follows:(1)Greek oregano and marjoram showed high specificity in morphological and botany characteristics:height,stem diameter,leaf area,leaf length,leaf width of Greek oregano were significantly greater than marjoram(p<0.05),the whole plant was 59.4%higher than marjoram and 28.7%thicker,and the leaves were 168.1%larger,75.5%longer,and 59.7%longer than marjoram;while the number of branches was significantly smaller than that of marjoram(p<0.05),at least 52.1%compared to marjoram and 44.7%thin leaves.In addition,the Greek oregano yield was significantly greater than that of marjoram(p<0.05),146.3%higher than that of marjoram,and there was no significant difference between plant water content,but the water content of marjoram was still higher than Greek oregano.During the period of comprehensive fertility observation,Greek oregano grew faster than marjoram,with early flowering,plant erect growth,higher growth,robust branches,oval leaves,large and thin leaves,and marjoram growing slowly.The clumps are small,branchy and fine,and the leaves are nearly elliptical,small and thick.In summary,the biological and agronomic traits of Greek oregano are better than marjoram(2)The extraction rates of Greek oregano and marjoram by Steam Distillation were 0.018%and 0.233%,respectively.The same method was used to prepare two kinds of oregano yields:marjoram>Greek oregano.The extraction rate of essential oils can show an increasing trend as the additive amount of sodium chloride increases.However,when the additive is more than a certain amount,the extraction rate of essential oils will decrease.When the proportion of sodium chloride solids was added so that the sodium chloride concentration in the solution reached 1.6%,the oregano oil had the highest yield,which was an increase of 0.033%compared with the control group.Afterwards,as the proportion of sodium chloride solids continued to increase,the essential oil yield showed a significant downward trend.A total of 18 peaks were identified from the Greek oregano oil obtained by steam distillation using GC－MS analysis,and 10 were identified,accounting for 78.87%of the relative percentage of total elution peaks in the chromatogram.The 10 volatile compounds identified included 8 olefins(55.24%)and 2 alcohols(23.63%).Among the components with higher contents are caryophyllene oxide(41.51%)andα-Cadinol(16.65%).A total of 10 peaks were isolated from the essential oil of marjoram oil obtained by steam distillation by GC-MS analysis,and 10 were identified,accounting for 99.99%of the relative percentage of the total elution peak of the chromatogram.The 10 volatile compounds identified included 5 olefins(22.18%),1 hydrocarbon(20.25%),2 alcohols(52.68%),1 lipid(2.93%),and 1 phenol(1.95%).Among the components with higher contents are Benzene,I-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-(20.25%),3-Cyclohexen-1-ol,4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-(44.14%),γ-terpinene(8.37%),and α-terpineol(8.54%).The chemical composition of the two oreganos is completely different,but they all contain more olefins and alcohols.(3)The crude protein content of whole plant residues after the extraction of volatile oil from Greek oregano was 1.349%higher than that from marj oram cow to whole plant residue,but there was no significant difference;however,crude fiber and acidity of whole plant residue after marjoram extracting volatile oil Washing fibers and neutral detergent fibers were significantly higher than Greek oregano(p<0.05),which were 7.30%higher,12.40%higher,and 11.7%higher,respectively;the crude ash content of whole plant residue after Greek oregano was extracted was significantly higher than that of marjoram cows.To whole plant residue(p<0.05),3.6%higher.The content of crude protein in leaf residue of crude oil extracted from Greek oregano was 2.732%higher than that of marjoram residue,which was significantly higher than that of marjoram residue(p<0.05).Leaf residue was extracted from marjoram after volatile oil extraction.The crude fiber,acid washing fiber and neutral detergent fiber were also significantly higher than Greek oregano(p<0.05),which were higher3.90%,21.7%and 16.6%.Respectively,the crude ash content of leaf residue of Greek oregano after extraction of volatile oil It was 17.5%higher than sweet oregano residue,which was significantly higher than sweet oregano leaves(p<0.05).According to the evaluation of the forage value of grass pasture,the value of Greek oregano and marjoram has reached the level of good pasture.更多还原