【作者】 李想；

【导师】 曾凡锁；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 森林生物工程， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究以不同树龄的水曲柳为实验材料,一方面分析水曲柳种子园内花粉飞散规律。另一方面对种子园内开花期水曲柳、未开花幼龄水曲柳以及优树嫁接水曲柳进行施肥和激素等措施处理,综合分析不同措施对水曲柳开花结实、生长及光合作用的影响。进一步通过分析开花相关基因(FLC、FT、FRI等)和激素含量对不同处理措施的响应。具体研究内容如下。1、水曲柳种子园花粉飞散规律的研究本研究在苇河林业局青山林场水曲柳种子园内开展,对水曲柳开花期间花粉在时间和空间分布,水平和垂直分布,及花粉的飞散规律进行观测研究。园内雄花于5月10日开始散粉,散粉期从10日至15日,花粉浓度的时间和空间变化以及水平和垂直分布与环境因素有密切关系。散粉盛期花粉浓度依次为6m>4m>2m,6m高处平均花粉浓度达到11.5粒mm-2h-1。9时至15时是花粉浓度最大时期,平均花粉浓度为1.58粒mm-2h-1。影响花粉飞散的因素中,环境因子(风速、温度、相对湿度、风向)起主要作用,其中白天最高温度可达29.6℃,平均风速2.1m/s。影响花粉量大小的因素中,温度占主导地位。2、不同措施对水曲柳开花结实以及当年生长量等情况的影响研究本研究中,对种子园内开花期水曲柳、未开花幼龄水曲柳以及优树嫁接水曲柳进行施肥和激素处理。2013年对种子园开花期水曲柳进行了结实量和结实率的计算,2013年和2014年对未开花幼龄水曲柳和优树嫁接水曲柳进行了树高、胸径(基径)、当年生长量的测量。种子园中单株结实量最高可达900芽,高出对照组155%,单芽结实率最高可达75.34%,高出对照组18.16%。2013年和2014年未开花幼龄水曲柳中单株当年生长量最高可达110cm和130cm,分别高出对照组70.54%和66.03%,2014年优树嫁接水曲柳中单株当年生长量最高可达155cm,高出对照组148.8%。水曲柳的生长情况与施肥和激素密切相关,施肥处理的树生长情况明显好于激素处理和对照。通过两年幼树生长量分析,激素4号处理(15mg/L GA3,15mg/L NAA,30mg/L IAA的1L混合液)平均生长量为77土9.75cm,比对照高出7.89%,和施肥9号处理(0.3kg硝酸铵,0.3kg磷酸氢二铵,0.1kg氯化钾的混合肥)平均生长量为98.2±8.62cm,比对照高出37.54%,激素处理和施肥处理中,在施肥和激素处理中,以上两种处理对水曲柳生长影响显著,密度控制2mX2.5m处理平均生长量为84.33±10.27cm,比对照高出7.66%,翻地增温处理平均生长量为83.11±8.07cm,比对照高出16.35%,去顶截枝处理平均生长量为72.08cm,比对照高出 0.09%。3、不同措施对水曲柳开花相关基因表达的影响本研究分析了施肥和激素处理对优树嫁接水曲柳(2年生)开花相关基因表达的影响。施肥和激素处理后,FLC(FLOWERING LOCUS C)和FRI(FRIGIDA)基因表达量明显下调低于对照组,FLC只有在激素4号处理的雄树中的表达量高于对照组,在雌树中,FLC的表达量都低于对照组,FLC和FRI是协同控制开花的关键基因,两者都对开花起到抑制作用,因此可见,施肥和激素处理可以削弱FLC和FRI的表达,起到促进水曲柳开花的作用。FT(FLOWERING LOCUST)与 FLD(FLOWERING LOCUS D)的表达量测定结果不一致,FT在雄树施肥处理中的2、3、4、6号处理表达量高于对照组,其中3号处理的表达量高于对照组3.7倍,FLD在雌树激素处理中的3、4、5、7、9号处理表达量均高于对照组,其中3号处理的表达量高于对照组2.6倍。4、不同措施对水曲柳内源激素含量的影响本研究分析了不同处理对优树嫁接水曲柳(2年生)内源激素含量的影响。分别测定了 GA3、6-BA、NAA、IAA、ABA的含量,GA3含量最高的是密度控制2m×2.5m处理,可达4.01ng/gFW,高出对照组63.67%,6-BA含量最高的是密度控制6m×10m处理,可达0.44ng/gFW,高出对照组22.22%,NAA含量最高的是激素7号处理,可达4.09ng/gFW,高出对照组154%,IAA含量最高的是密度控制6m×10m处理,可达0.43pmol/gFW,高出对照组59.25%,ABA含量最高的是对照组,可达2.78ug/gFW。GA的含量与当年生长量呈正比,而部分ABA含量与当年生长量呈反比,其他激素含量与当年生长量的关系都不尽相同,可见GA促进了水曲柳的生长而ABA会抑制水曲柳的生长。5、不同措施处理对水曲柳光合作用的测定本研究分析了施肥和激素处理对优树嫁接水曲柳(2年生)光合作用的影响。总体上施肥处理苗比激素处理苗生长旺盛,施肥处理平均蒸腾速率(1.08794mmolH2Om-2s-1)比激素处理平均蒸腾速率(0.965966 mmolH2Om-2s-1)高,施肥处理平均净光合速率(5.305887 umolCO2m-2s-1)也比激素处理平均净光合速率(4.098145 umolCO2m-2s-1)高,在整体结果上光合速率与当年生长量呈正比关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this research,different ages of fraxinus mancdshurica.were chosen as experimental materials.First of all,rules of pollen dispersal in the fraxinus mandschurica seed orchard were studied and concluded.Secondly,a comprehensive analysis that different influences on flowering,growth and photosynthesis by different treatments was observed and measured,in which the treatments were fertilization and hormones application to flowering,immature trees and grafted seedlings of fraxinus mandschurica in the seed orchards.Furthermore,genes related to flowering(FLC,FT,FRI,et al.)and hormones were measured to analysis the different responding to different treatments above.Details are as follows:1.Study on the distributing rule of pollen of fraxinus mandshurica in seed orchardIn this study,we observed and measured the distribution of fraxinus mandshurica pollen dispersal in temporal and spatial,horizontal and vertical aspects,and summarized the distributing rule of pollen,in seed orchard,QingShan forestry station of WeiHe forestry bureau.Male flowers started dispersing pollen in May 10 and continued dispersal to May 15.It was close relationships between changes of temporal and spatial,distribution of horizontal and vertical and environmental factors.The concentration of pollen in dispersal peak period was 6m>4m>2m,and it was 11.5pcs mm-2h-l at 6m.The maximum pollen concentration was 1.58pcs mm-2h-1 occurred from 9 a.m.to 3 p.m..Environmental factors(wind speed,temperature,relative humidity,wind direction)played a major role among the factors influencing pollen dispersal.and temperature was the most important factor in the factors that affected the amount of pollen.The highest daytime temperature reached 29.6℃ and the average wind speed was 2.1m/s.Temperature was the dominant factor among the factors influencing the amount of pollen.2.Study on influences of flowering,fruiting and growth under different treatments in fraxinus mandshuricaIn this research,we fertilized and applied hormones to flowering,immature trees and grafted seedlings of fraxinus mandschurica in the seed orchards.We calculated the seeding quantity and seeding rate of flowering trees in 2013.During 2013 and 2014,we measured the tree height,diameter at breast height(basal diameter)and current increment which from immature trees in no-flowering forest and grafted seedlings in the greenhouses,respectively.The amount of flower bud was 900 per plant,which was higher 155%than it in the control group.The seeding rate was 75.34%per female inflorescence,which was higher 18.16%than it in the control group.During 2013 and 2014,the single of growth was up to 110cm and 130cm in no-flowering forest,which was higher 70.54%and 66.03%than the control,respectively.The highest growth of grafted seedlings in the greenhouses was up to 155cm,which was 148.8%higher than the control in 2014.fraxinus mandschurica was related closely to fertilization and application of hormones,that is to say,the growth of treated trees was significantly better than untreated trees.After analyzing the growth of immature trees in 2013 and 2014,we concluded the treatments that significantly influenced the growth of fraxinus mandshurica..The NO.4(the mixture of 15mg/L GA3,15mg/L NAA,30mg/L IAA)was the best treatment in hormones application,which average growth was 77±9.75cm and it was higher 7.89%than the control;the N0.9(the mixture of 0.3kg ammonium nitrate,0.3kg diammonium phosphate,0.1kg potassium chloride compost)was the best treatment among the fertilization treatment,which average growth was 98.2 ±8.62cm and it was higher 37.54%than the control.At the same time,the average growth of 2m x 2.5m density treatment was 84.33±10.27cm,which was higher 7.66%than the control;the average growth of plowing to increasing soil temperature was 83.11±8.07cm,which was higher 16.35%than the control;the average growth of topping treatment was 72.08cm,which was higher 0.09%than the control.3.Expression level of genes about flowering under different treatmentsIn this study,we analyzed the gene expression of flowering under fertilization and hormones application in grafted seedlings(2 years old).After fertilization and hormones application,FLC(FLOWERING LOCUS C)and FRI(FRIGIDA)gene expression was significantly decreased and lower than in the control group,except that the expression of FLC was higher in male seedlings for N0.4 hormones treatment;while the expression of FLC in female seedlings was lower than the control.FLC and FRI are key genes controlling flowering synergy,both of them play an inhibitory effect on flowering,thus,fertilization and hormones treatment could weaken the expression of FLC and FRI,and promote flowering in fraxinus mandshurica.The expression of FT(FLOWERING LOCUS T)and FLD(FLOWERING LOCUS D)were inconsistent,FT expressed higher than control in NO.2,3,4,and 6 in male seedlings under fertilization treatment and it was 3.7 fold in N0.3 as in the control.FLD expressed higher than control in NO.3,4,5,7,and 9 in female seedlings under hormones treatment and it was 2.6 fold in N0.3 as in the control.4.The content of hormone after various treatmentsIn this research,we analyzed the content of hormones(GA3,6-BA,NAA,IAA and ABA)in seedlings(2 years old)under different treatments.The highest content of GA3 was 4.01ng/gFW in density of 2m x 2.5m,which was higher 63.67%than the control;the highest content of 6-BA was 0.44ng/gFW in density of 6m X 10m,which was higher 22.22%than in the control;the highest content of NAA was 4.09ng/gFW in NO.7 treatment of hormones application,which was higher 154%than in the control;the highest content of IAA was 0.43pmol/gFW in the density of 6m X 10m,which was higher 59.25%than in the control;and the highest content of ABA was2.78ug/gFW in the control The content of GA3 was positive correlated with current increment,while the content of ABA in some seedlings was negative correlated with current increment,the content of the other hormones had little relationship with current increment。Therefore,GA3 and ABA paly antagonistic roles in faxinus mandshurica.growth.5.Measurement photosynthesis of fraxinus mandschurica under different treatmentsIn this study,we analyzed the photosynthesis in grafted seedlings(2 years old)under fertilization and hormone treatments.Overall it was stronger in fertilization than in the hormone treatment,the average transpiration rate(1.08794mmolH2Om-2s-1)was higher in fertilization than in the hormone treatment(0.965966 mmolH2Om-2s-1),and the average net photosynthetic rate in fertilization(5.305887 umolCO2m-2s-1)was also higher than in hormone treatment(4.098145 umolCO2m-2s-1).It was positive correlation between the photosynthetic rate and current increment in the overall results.更多还原