【作者】 宜慧；

【导师】 赵言文； 詹存卫； 陈帆；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 环境科学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 旅游开发活动,尤其是生态旅游对生态环境的依存度很高,进行生态旅游开发的区域往往是生物多样性丰富的区域。不适当的旅游开发活动将不可避免地会对区域内的生物多样性带来不良影响。环境影响评价是预防生态破坏和环境污染的重要环境管理工具之一,已在生态环境保护中发挥了巨大的作用。我国《环境影响评价法》、《规划环境影响评价条例》等法律法规明确规定旅游规划应开展环境影响评价。而生物多样性是生态环境的重要组成。鉴于此,重视旅游规划生物多样性影响评价,是从源头保护生物多样性的重要手段,也是完善旅游规划环评的必然要求。论文采用理论分析与实例研究相结合的方法。系统总结并分析国内外相关研究和实践现状,从生物多样性以及旅游规划环评的基本内涵入手,界定旅游规划生物多样性影响评价的基本内涵,明确其主要内容,基于评价内容分层次提出相应的评价方法,并通过案例研究论证评价内容与方法的实践性和应用性。主要研究结果如下:(1)旅游规划的实施会直接或间接影响生物多样性的结构组成和功能运行等。旅游规划方案的景区景点开发建设、旅游道路交通建设、供排水等基础设施建设等旅游开发活动将会占用栖息地、破坏植被和景观类型、污染环境以及直接或间接干扰动植物,会对生物多样性的数量、生理活动、行为和生态功能等带来不良影响。(2)旅游规划生物多样性影响评价包括四个评价环节和三个评价层次。旅游规划生物多样性影响评价包括生物多样性现状调查与分析、生物多样性影响识别、生物多样性影响预测与评价、生物多样性保护措施或建议等主要评价环节,在每个评价环节中评价对象分别包含物种多样性、生态系统多样性和景观多样性这三个生物多样性层次。旅游规划生物多样性影响评价具有关联性、区域性和复杂性等特点。(3)旅游规划生物多样性影响评价宜采用多种方法。主要体现在生物多样性现状调查与分析、生物多样性影响识别与指标体系建立、生物多样性影响预测与评价这三个评价环节中。生物多样性现状调查与分析方法主要有收集资料法、咨询法、现场调查与勘查、基于GIS的生态制图法、图形图像解译法等;生物多样性影响识别与指标建立方法主要有专家咨询法和矩阵法;生物多样性影响预测与评价方法主要有生物多样性指数评价法、图形叠置法、景观生态学评价法、专家咨询法、对比类比法等。(4)甘孜州旅游规划生物多样性影响评价客观、全面地辨识了规划实施对生物多样性的影响。利用不同的评价方法评价了甘孜州旅游规划实施对该区景观多样性、生态系统多样性、物种多样性的影响。评价结果表明甘孜州旅游规划实施后,景区的模地类型没有变化,但是各植被斑块的优势度略有下降,城镇等人工斑块的优势度增加了 4.1%。景观多样性和均匀性都维持了原来的水平,分别是0.723和5.784。区域生态系统稀有度为1。生物丰度指数没有发生变化,为21.92%。植被覆盖指数为32.71%,比实施前减少了 0.01%。但是景区建设和交通线路建设会涉及一些自然保护区等敏感保护目标,对其存在较大的影响隐患。规划不会造成物种的减少,丰富度、物种密度和特有种比例没有变化。通过对建设期和运营期补充具体的减缓对策措施,能够减轻、避免这些不良影响的发生。研究结果一方面为旅游规划生物多样性影响评价提供了重要的理论指导和方法借鉴,另一方面丰富了我国环境影响评价工作内容和技术方法,同时也为制定旅游规划环境影响评价技术导则奠定了基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 Tourism,especially eco·tourism highly depends on the ecological environment.Tourism areas usually are rich in biodiversity resources.Unsuitable tourism develop activities will inevitably impact on biological diversity.Environmental impact assessment(EIA),which is considered as an effective environmental management tool to prevent ecological destruction and environmental pollution,has played an important role in ecological environmental protection.Both“EIA act" and“Planning EIA regulation”explicitly stipulate that planning EIA should be carried out during drawing out tourism planning(TP).And biodiversity is an important part of eco-envieronment.In this situation,biodiversity impact assessment(BIA)of TP should be essential both in conservating biodiversity from the source and improving TP-EIA.This paper used theoretical analysis and case study method.It reviewed the relative researches and practices at home and abroad,comprehensively elaborated the concept and main content of BIA of TP on the basis of biodiversity and TP-EIA,and proposed some main methods.It also demonstrated the feasibility and applicability of the content and methods by the case study.The main results as follows:(1)Tuorism planning would cause some negetive impacts to the struction and function of biodiversity directly or indirectly.The tourism development activities,such as landscape development,road construction,water supply and drainage infrastructure,and so on,would take up habitat,destroy vegetation and landscape,pollute environment as well as disturb flora and fauna directly or indirectly.These activities would cause some negative impact on the number,physiological activity,behavior or ecological function of biodiversity.(2)The main content of BIA of TP contained four processes and three levels.The main evaluation processes contained status survey and analysis,impact identification,impact prediction and assessment,precaution measure and recommendation.Each process was involved in three levels which were species diversity,ecosystem diversity and landscape diversity.And the primary characteristics were relatedness,regionalism and complexity.(3)There were some different methods that were suitable for of BIA of TP.They were mainly applied in biodiversity status survey and analysis,impact identification,impact prediction and assessment.The main biodiversity status survey and analysis method was data collection,consultationt,on-site investigation and survey,GIS-based ecological cartography,graphics or image interpretation.The main biodiversity impact identification method was Delphi and Matrix.And the main biodiversity impact prediction and assessment method was biodiversity index evaluation,graphic overlay,landscape ecology evaluation,Delphi,contrast and analogy,and so on.(4)BIA of Ganzi TP assessed the negative impacts that were caused by Ganzi TP to biodiversity comprehensively and subjectively.Different methods had been used to assess the impacts on landscape diversity,ecosystem diversity and species diversity.Evaluation results showed that the key ladescape type didn,t change.The predominance changed a little,but the predominance of city increased by 4.1%.And the diversity(0.723)and evenness(5.784)was the same with the past.The rarity of ecosystem was 1.The organic abundance(21.92%)didn,t change.The vegetation reduced by 0.01%.But the construction of landscape and roads would occupy some nature rezerves.There would exsit some negative impacts on sensitive nature reserves.To take some preeautions and measures would prevent these negative impacts.These results would not only provide some theoy and methods to BIA of TP-EIA,but also enriched the content and technology of EIA in China.At the same time,it would propose some advices and references to drawing up teehnieal guidelines for TP-EIA.更多还原