【作者】 王敏；

【导师】 刘胜祥；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 植物学， 2013， 硕士

【副题名】以长江中游湖广至罗湖洲河段航道整治工程为例

【摘要】 人类利用水运的历史非常悠久,该运输方式有着运量大、成本低、环保和能耗小等许多优点。航道则是船舶能够安全航行水面的区域,自然状态下的河流并不都能满足航行的要求,因此常常要采取一定的工程措施,这就是航道工程。新中国成立后,我国的航道建设事业有了巨大的发展,水运效益得到极大提高,同时也提高了河段防洪能力,对稳定堤外区域生态环境也起到了积极作用。但是,航道整治工程的建设也会对环境产生一些负面影响,如破坏和缩小动植物生境,噪声影响等,我们对这些问题都应该给予重视。我国航道整治生态环境影响评价研究还处在探索阶段,仍不够成熟,评价理论、方法、体系等仍需要不断完善。本文通过借鉴国内外航道整治工程相关的生态环境影响评价有益经验,以《环境影响评价导则生态影响》(HJ 19-2011)为标准,对航道整治工程环评的理论基础、技术方法等分别进行介绍。在此基础上,以长江中游湖广至罗湖洲河段航道整治工程生态环境影响评价为例,围绕航道整治生态环评的特点对该区域的陆生和水生生态展开评价,采用多种方法得出评价结论,最后提出有针对性的措施减轻和避免其对生态环境造成的负面影响。陆生生态方面:高滩守护工程对陆生植物的影响主要是由陆上护坡中岸坡开挖、岸坡回填等引起的,边滩守护工程则是护滩带和根部护坡占用陆域导致植被的破坏,且以上引起的占地是永久性的。护岸工程中,加固工程采用水下抛石或抛透水框架的形式进行,不占用陆域,因此基本不影响陆生植物。施工临时作业带虽占用陆域损毁植被,但占工程总占地面积的比例小,且施工结束后生态型护坡及植被恢复等措施可逐渐降低临时占地等的负面影响。整治工程中铺设护滩带软体排、护岸开挖、削整边坡等破坏和缩小野生动物生境,阻断其部分活动通道；整治工程施工以及护岸工程抛石、抛投透水框架等人类活动产生噪音对动物造成影响,但动物会就近寻找到其它代替生境,且工程施工时间有限,噪音影响不会长时间持续。但通航后船舶增加,部分动物将迁移至受船舶噪声和灯光影响较小的生境。另一方面,工程的运行可以提高河段的防洪能力,为陆生动植物生境的稳定起到良好的生态效应,对维护区域生态多样性具有积极意义。水生生态方面:整治工程沉排和抛石补坡以及护岸工程中抛石、抛投透水框等水下工程施工,会搅动水体,产生悬浮物,抑制浮游植物生长,从而对浮游动物、鱼类造成影响;整治工程铺排施工将直接压载河床底泥中的底栖生物,护岸工程中石块和透水框架投入水中也占用底栖动物生境,造成其生物量的损失,建筑物对河道的占用也将减少一些鱼类迁移或洄游的通道,对其栖息、活动以及繁殖迁移和洄游产生一定的影响;本整治工程无爆破等突然性伤害施工工艺,工程对鱼类的直接影响是抛石及水上沉D排引起的,其产生的噪声对工程区及其上下游附近水域的鱼类及其它水生动物有驱赶效果。工程的实施会在一定时期内破坏产卵场产卵条件,对产沉、粘性卵鱼类繁殖造成一定影响。总的来说,航道整治工程施工期内,水体扰动、施工噪音等对水生生态的影响是较短暂的,会随着完工而消失。但是,工程压载河床占用生境、洄游及迁移通道,改变局部河道环境和水流形态及流速,改变河流形态的蜿蜒性等方面都会对水生生态造成影响,而且这些影响是最主要和长期的,因此在达到航道条件改善目的的同时也要采取有效措施减少其影响。航道整治工程环境影响评价与其他建设项目的环评有共性,但也有它自身的一些专业特点。航道整治工程环境影响评价的专业特点主要表现在评价依据及标准,结合工程的影响评价预测及分析,相应的具体环境保护对策与措施等方面。本文首次补充、总结及完善了我国航道整治工程生态环境影响评价的理论及技术方法,并举出实际的科研案例对航道整治的环境影响进行预测和评价,期望能为其他航道整治工程的生态环评提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Water transport enjoys a long history coz it boasts a number of advantages such as large capacity,low cost,environmental protection,etc.Channel is the area which guarantees safe navigation,since normally,streams alone can not meet sailing requirements,thus engineering measures such as navigation projects have to be adopted.Ever since the founding of the new China,navigation channel constructions have enjoyed tremendous development.Improvements on water transport efficiency and flood control capacity have exerted positive impacts on stability of ecological environment outside river wall.However,channel regulation constructions also have negative effects on environment,including destruction and reduction on habitat of flora and fauna,sound pollution,etc,which should be given high attention.The ecological environmental impact evaluation research of navigation channel regulation project in China is still in the phase of exploring,which is not mature enough and need to be improved in evaluation theory,methods and systems.With study of beneficial experience on ecological environment impact assessment about navigation channel regulation project at home and abroad,the article introduce theoretical basis,technical methods of waterway regulation project separately use the "Environmental Impact Assessment Technical Guidelines For The Ecological Impact(HJ 19-2011)" as the standard.On the bases,we take the Hu guang to Luo huzhou reach training works as an example and evaluate the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem of the region around the characteristics of the waterway regulation project ecological impact evaluation,then come to the conclution by using a variety of methods,finally put forward targeted measures to reduce and avoid its negative effects on the ecological environment.In the aspect of terrestrial ecosystems:The impact of high beach guardian works on terrestrial plants is mainly caused by land slope of slope excavation and backfill slope,beach protection zone and the roots of beach protection project occupied land led to the destruction of vegetation,and the area above are permanent.Reinforcement project of revetment works using underwater riprap or throwing permeable framework forms,it does not occupy land and therefore does not influence terrestrial plants.Although temporary construction jobs occupied land with damaged vegetation,it accounts for a small proportion of total project area,ecological slope protection and vegetation restoration measures can gradually reduce the negative impact of temporary covers after the end of construction.Paved beach protection with soft mattress,revetment excavation and cutting the slope in training works damage and narrow the wildlife habitat,block some of its active channels.Human activities such as ripraping revetment works,dumping permeable framework generate noise impacts on animals,but animals will find the nearest place to instead of they are habitats,and the construction time is limited,the noise impact will not be long-lasting.In the period of operation,the number of ships in the assessable area is greatly increased,so animals will be relocated to the habitats which less affected by the ship’s noise and light.On the other hand,the operation of the project will improve flood control capacity and have good ecological effects on stabilizing the terrestrial plant and animal habitats,it is also play a positive role in maintaining regional ecological diversity.In the aspect of aquatic ecology:Sinking mattress,ripraping slope compensation of restoration project and ripraping revetment works,dumping pervious frame of bank protection works will stir the water,resulting in suspended solids,inhibiting the growth of phytoplankton,so zooplankton and fish are effected.Layout of construction will directly ballast benthic sediment bed,stones and permeable framework taken into water in the engineering of bank protection will also occupy benthic habitats,resulting in the loss of the biomass.Buildings occupied by the river will also reduce the number of fish migration or migration of the channel,their habitats,breeding migration and migratory activities have some impact.The project without blasting sudden injury construction technology,ripraping and sinking the type of D consructions derectly impact fish which produces a noise influence on fish in the project area and its adjacent waters downstream,and other aquatic animals are driven.Implementation of the project will destroy the spawning grounds spawning conditions for a period of time,fish breeding of production of heavy,sticky eggs also have some effect.Overall,water disturbance,construction noise impact on the aquatic ecosystem is relatively short during the construction period of navigation channel regulation projects,and it will disappear with the completion.But engineering ballast riverbed cause the habitats and migration channels are occupied,local river environment,water flow patterns,flow rate,meandering of the river morphology are also changed,all of these will have effects on aquatic ecosystems which are most important and long-term.So,when we achieve the aim of improving fairway conditions we should also take effective measures to reduce its impact.Ecological environmental impact assessment of the navigation channel regulation project and other construction projects have something in common,but it also has its own professional characteristic.The professional characteristics of navigation channel regulation project environmental impact assessment mainly displays in the aspects of evaluation basis and standards,forecasts and analysis combined with engineering,corresponding environmental protection countermeasures and measuresThe theories and methods for navigation channel regulation project of eco-environmental impact assessment is supplemented,summarized and improved in this paper for the first time,and the actual scientific case is cited to predict and evaluate the environmental impact of channel regulation.Hope these can offer reference for ecological environment assessment of other waterway regulation projects.更多还原