【作者】 张鹏；

【导师】 曹红霞；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业水土工程， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 基于陕北风沙区干旱缺水和设施果树果品质不高及水肥利用率低下的现状,本文以温室油桃为材料,进行了两年的滴灌水肥耦合试验,为该区域设施油桃进行科学合理的灌水和施肥提供了一定的理论依据。试验于2017年2月5日至2018年6月15日在陕西省榆林市榆阳区（38°18′N,109°43′E）鱼河镇金沙湾农业合作社进行,设置3个灌水上限水平,W1（90%θ_f）、W2（75%θ_f）、W3（60%θ_f）,当任一水分处理的土壤含水率达灌水下限50%θ_f（田间持水率）开始统一灌水;设置3个氮、磷、钾施肥水平:F1（130%F2）,N 200 kg·ha^-1+P₂O₅ 120 kg·ha^-1+K₂O 240 kg·ha^-1（F2）,F3（70%F2）,灌水和施肥水平完全组合,并以当地灌水施肥方式为对照（CK）。试验研究了不同灌水和施肥水平对油桃树体生长、果实产量品质、水肥利用效率及养分吸收的影响,结果表明:（1）灌水水平对滴灌施肥油桃的新梢生长量影响显著（P<0.05）,其和灌水量正相关。灌水施肥水平及其耦合效应均能够对叶片叶绿素含量或SPAD产生显著或极显著影响（P<0.01）,且在不同生育期规律不同。在果实生长关键期,不同水肥处理的叶片叶绿素含量差异显著（除2018年的果实第二膨大期末）。在果实第二膨大期末,灌水量对其影响显著,W2灌水水平增加了2017年的叶片叶绿素含量,而高水处理W1的叶片SPAD均值在2018年最大,W2次之。随着生育期的进行,油桃叶片的叶绿素含量和SPAD值呈上升趋势。（2）适宜的灌水水平W2促进了产量的增加,而灌水量过高增产效应不明显甚至会降低果实产量,灌水量过低则减产明显。在一定灌水量下,适度施肥水平F2的果实产量最高,过高或过低的施肥量都造成产量下降,水肥耦合作用在2017和2018年分别对产量产生显著、极显著影响。W2F2能够在2年试验中均保持较高的产量,其平均产量和水分利用效率（WUE）及偏肥料生产力（PFP）分别为29633.8 kg·ha^-1,26.5 kg·m^-3、52.9 kg·kg^-1,较CK平均节水3595 m3·ha^-1、节肥200 kg·ha^-1、增产8813 kg·ha^-1,增产率为42.3%。利用非线性最小二乘法进行拟合寻优,得出基于高产和节水节肥目标的滴灌灌水施肥量分别为:750-900 m³·ha^-1,510-610 kg·ha^-1,对应产量、WUE、PFP范围:25139-26760 kg·ha^-1、31.5-34.4 kg·m^-3、44.8-48.2 kg·kg^-1。（3）在滴灌施肥条件下,适宜的灌水施肥水平较CK提高了果实可溶固形物及花青素含量,水分胁迫造成了果实有机酸含量的提高。过高或过低的施肥量会降低果实Vc含量,且在2017年的F2施肥水平下,Vc含量随灌水量加大而增加。对比不同处理的果实品质,W2F2在两年的试验中均有较好的果实品质,且在2018年的单果重较大,商品价值高。利用TOPSIS法对果实品质进行综合评价分析,在2017年,排名前3的处理分别为:W2F2、W3F2、W3F1,在2018年为:W2F2、W1F3、W2F1;W2F2及W3F1、W1F3的果实品质在两个实验年均较优。（4）灌水施肥水平及水肥耦合效应能够对叶片的全氮、全磷、全钾含量产生显著影响,且随着生育期的变化表现出不同规律。在果实第一膨大期末和硬核初期,高水提高了叶片的含氮量,降低了叶片全钾含量。叶片全磷含量在果实第一膨大期末受灌水水平影响极显著（P<0.01）,低水和低肥水平的均值最小。从果实第一膨大期末到采摘后40天,果实的全氮含量呈现先增大后减小的规律,全钾含量则在果实第二膨大期末达最大,而全磷含量则随生育期推进明显变小。充足的水肥施入是高产的必要保证,氮是产量的主要影响元素,钾元素次之。利用成熟果实的N、P、K累积量三个指标作为自变量时,能得到和产量的最优线性回归关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on the present situation of drought and water shortage in the sandy area of Northern Shaanxi,where the protected fruit trees owned low fruit quality with inefficient water and fertilizer utilization,this paper took greenhouse nectarine as trial material and conducted a two-year water-fertilizer coupling experiment under drip fertigation,which provided a theoretical basis for scientific and rational irrigation and fertilization of protected nectarine in this area.The experiment was conducted at Jinshawan Agricultural Cooperative of Yuyang District in Yulin,Shaanxi Province（38°18′N,109°43′E）,from February 5,2017 to June 15,2018.Three irrigation upper limits were set in the experiment,W1（90%θ_f）,W2（75%θ_f）and W3（60%θ_f）,irrigation event began together when the soil moisture content of any treatment approached the lower limit of 50%θ_f（field water holding capacity）;three NPK fertilization levels were also set:F1（130%F2）,F2(N 200 kg·ha^-1+P₂O₅ 120 kg·ha^-1+K₂O 240 kg·ha^-1),F3（70%F2）,which were completely combined,the local irrigation and fertilization method（CK）was set as the contrast.The effects of different irrigation and fertilization levels on nectarine tree growth,yield,fruit quality,water and fertilizer use efficiency and nutrient absorption were studied,the results showed that:（1）The effect of irrigation level on the growth of nectarine shoots under drip irrigation was significant（P<0.05）,which was positively correlated with irrigation amount.Irrigation and fertilization levels and their coupling effects could have significant or extremely significant effects on chlorophyll content or SPAD in leaves（P<0.01）,and the rules were different at different growth stages.During the critical period of fruit growth,the chlorophyll content of leaves under different water and fertilization treatments was significantly different（except at the end of the second fruit expansion stage in 2018）.At the end of the second fruit expansion stage,irrigation amount had a significant effect on leaf chlorophyll content or SPAD.W2 increased the chlorophyll content of leaves in 2017,while the SPAD value of leaves at W1 level was the largest in 2018,followed by W2.The chlorophyll content and SPAD value of nectarine tree leaves increased with the processing growth period.（2）Appropriate irrigation level W2（75%θ_f）promoted the increase of nectarine yield,but a higher irrigation amount had little effect of yield increase or even made a decrease.And,a poor irrigation amount could significantly reduce fruit yield.Under a certain amount of irrigation,the fruit yield of moderate fertilization level F2(N 200 kg·ha^-1+P₂O₅ 120 kg·ha^-1+K₂O 240 kg·ha^-1)was the highest.Excessive or low amount of fertilization resulted in yield decline.Irrigation and fertilization coupling effect influenced the fruit yield significant and extremely significant in 2017 and 2018,respectively. W2F2 could maintain high yield in the two year experiment,its average yield,water use efficiency（WUE）and partial fertilizer productivity（PFP）were 29633.8 kg·ha^-1,26.5 kg·m^-3,52.9kg·kg^-1,respectively.Compared with CK treatment,W2F2 could averagely reduce water and fertilizer consumption by 3595 m3and 200 kg per hectare,it also increased fruit yield8813 kg per hectare with an increase rate of 42.3%.By fitting optimization with the non-linear least squares method,the irrigation and fertilization ranges based on the target of high yield,water and fertilizer saving were 750-900 m³·ha^-1 and 510-610 kg·ha^-1.The corresponding yield,WUE and PFP ranges were 25139-26760 kg·ha^-1,31.5-34.4 kg·m^-3,44.8-48.2 kg·kg^-1,separately.（3）Under the drip fertigation,the content of soluble solids and anthocyanin in fruits was increased by appropriate irrigation and fertilization level compared with CK,and the content of organic acid in fruits was increased by water stress.A high or little fertilization amount could reduce the Vc content,and the Vc content increased with the increase of irrigation at F2fertilization level in 2017.Compared with the fruit quality of different treatments,W2F2owned preferable fruit quality in the two year experiment,and its single fruit weight was higher than others in 2018 meaning better economic value.The TOPSIS method was used to evaluate the quality of fruits,the top three treatments were W2F2,W3F2 and W3F1 in 2017;however,W2F2,W1F3 and W2F1 in 2018.The fruit quality of W2F2,W3F1 and W1F3 were better in both experimental years.（4）The level of irrigation and fertilization and their coupling effect could significantly affect the contents of total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium in leaves,and showed different rules with the change of growth period.At the end of the first fruit expansion stage and the beginning of the pit-hardening period stage,high irrigation amount increased the nitrogen content of leaves but decreased the total potassium content.The total phosphorus content in leaves was extremely significantly affected by irrigation level（P<0.01）at the end of the first fruit expansion stage,and low irrigation and fertilization level caused the smallest mean value.From the end of the first period of fruit expansion to the 40 days after fruit harvest,the total nitrogen content of fruit increased first and then decreased,while the total potassium content reached the maximum value at the end of the second period of fruit expansion,while the total phosphorus content decreased obviously with the development of growth period.Adequate application of water and fertilizer was the necessary guarantee for high yield,nitrogen is the main factor affecting yield,followed by potassium.When the N,P and K nutrient accumulation amount of mature fruit were used as the independent variables,the optimal linear regression relationship with yield could be obtained.更多还原