【作者】 张倩；

【导师】 孙志祥；

【作者基本信息】 江南大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 作为上世纪二三十年代中国唯一一个受到诺贝尔文学奖提名的作家,林语堂的很多创作及译作都在国外收到了很好的反响。《生活的艺术》是林语堂的代表作之一,也是继《吾国与吾民》之后再获成功的又一部英文作品。该书一经出版就被美国“每月读书会”选为1937年12月特别推荐书,成为1938年全美最畅销的书,在美国高居畅销书排行榜第一名,而且持续五十二个星期。然而,在“中国文化走出去”进程当中,很少有中文经典著作能达此成就。因此,研究《生活的艺术》畅销背后的客观因素和主观因素对促进中国文化走出去显得尤为重要。近些年来,用社会学的理论来解决翻译问题成了翻译界的研究热点之一,越来越多的学者开始转向用社会学相关理论进行翻译研究,希望解决以往翻译中没有解决的难题。在所有的社会学理论中,布迪厄社会学统筹考虑了社会制约因素和主观能动因素,因此被翻译研究学者广泛运用。其理论有三个核心概念,即场域、惯习和资本。对于这三者,布迪厄提出了分析模式简要公式:[(惯习)(资本)]+场域=实践],这也被称为著名的社会实践理论。将翻译视为一项社会实践活动,探索译者在翻译过程中做出各种选择的社会学因素,分析译者的译事活动与当时社会环境与译者行为轨迹的关系,才能真正地解读一个特定时代的某一部特定作品。本文以布迪厄的社会学理论为框架,从场域和资本方面分析了《生活的艺术》在美国的接受情况,探究该作品在美国赢得众多读者青睐的深层原因和主要影响因素,从惯习方面分析了林语堂《生活的艺术》中的所选用的翻译策略,分析了林语堂在翻译选材和具体所用翻译方法背后的深层次原因。首先,本文从文学场域、政治场域和经济场域分析了林语堂《生活的艺术》在美国热销的原因。在文学场域,《生活的艺术》符合当时美国文学场域对文学作品的要求:散文性质的写作风格为美国当时文学场域现代主义的进一步发展注入了活力,促成了后现代主义的出现。题材上作者选择中国文人雅士的日常生活,满足了当时西方读者想要了解中国,了解中国智慧的好奇心。而在当时的政治场域,美国和中国处于同盟关系,这有利于当时关于中国作品的传播。在经济场域,刚从经济大萧条走出来的人们意志消沉,而生活的艺术中所涉及的老庄哲学,洒脱精神给了读者心灵慰藉。其次,本文从林语堂个人所占资本分析了《生活的艺术》在美市场传播的优势,林语堂的社会资本一方面得益于其与赛珍珠夫妇的交好,另一方面也得益于林语堂频频出入美国华人社交圈,获得了一定的知名度。林语堂的文化资本则得益于早期家庭的熏陶以及多年留学海外的经历。而身为版税大王的林语堂,自身的经济资本也是不可忽略的。因此,林语堂在美雄厚的个人资本奠定了他在当时美国文学场独一无二的地位,在一定程度上促进了作品的传播。第三,本文从惯习的角度分析了林语堂《生活的艺术》中的文化翻译策略。从翻译选材上来看,林语堂选择了性灵文学和老庄哲学,他挑选了符合自己翻译惯习且符合目的语读者需求的作品。从翻译策略上来看,林语堂选择了以读者为导向的翻译策略,例如音译、音译加注、音译和意译相结合、直译等一系列翻译策略使得译文尽可能符合目的语读者的阅读习惯。身兼作家与翻译家的特殊身份,以及传播中国文化的特殊使命,林语堂采取了写译结合的话语模式,摘译了许多相关的中国古典文学作品,传递了中国智慧,其写中有译的文化翻译策略符合西方读者的阅读习惯,成功矫正了西方读者印象中中国刻板落后的形象,达到了文化交流的目的。以往对于林语堂作品的研究往往局限于林语堂作品文本本身的研究,而没有深度剖析该文本产出的时代背景。本文从布迪厄社会学视角研究《生活的艺术》,不仅发现了该文本本身的时代价值是作品获得成功的重要因素,更是发现了当时的时代背景和作家本身的资本积累与作品本身的畅销是密不可分的。然而,由于时间有限,作者没有对林语堂的翻译作品做历时性研究,从而得出更有说服力的研究结论,这为以后的研究留下了空间。更多还原

【Abstract】 Lin Yutang,the only Chinese writer nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature in the 1920 s and 1930 s,enjoyed a high reputation among American readers.The Importance of Living is one of Lin Yutang’s masterpieces,the first book written by Lin Yutang after he moved to the United States.It is also another successful English work after his My Country and My People.Upon its publication,the book was selected as the special recommendation book by “the US monthly reading club” in December 1937.It also became the best seller in the United States in 1938,topping the list of best sellers in the United States for 52 weeks.In contrast,the English versions of many classical Chinese literary works have not been widely recognized and accepted by foreign readers in the Chinese culture going-global campaign.Therefore,it is particularly important to dig into the subjective and objective factors leading to the popularity of The Importance of Living.In recent years,drawing on sociological theories to solve translation problems has become one of the research hotspots in translation studies.More and more scholars are turning to sociological theories to solve those problems that have not been solved in the past.Among all the sociological theories,Bourdieu’s sociology that takes into account social as well as individual factors is widely used by translation scholars.Bourdieu forms a complete social system by combining individual factors with social factors.His theory has three core concepts: Field,Habitus and Capital.Bourdieu puts forward a brief formula for the analysis of these three notions: [(habitus)(capital)] + field =Practice,which is also known as the theory of social practice.By regarding translation as a social practice,actively exploring the social dimension of translation,and exploring the choices the translators make in the process of translation influenced by some social factors and analyzing the internal relations between the translator’s translation activities and social conditions as well as social changes,we can truly interpret a particular work of a particular era.Therefore,based on Bourdieu’s sociological theory,this thesis analyses the acceptance of The Importance of Living in the United States from the perspectives offield and capital,explores the deep-seated reasons and main influencing factors for this work to win the favor of many readers in the United States.What’s more,this thesis analyses the translation strategies chosen in Lin Yutang’s The Importance of Living from the perspective of habitus,and analyses the underlying reasons behind Lin Yutang’s selection of translation materials and specific methods.Firstly,the thesis analyzes the dissemination of The Importance of Living in the United States from the perspective of field.After a thorough study of the economic,political and literary fields of the United States at that time,the thesis draws the conclusion that in the literary field,the theme and style of The Importance of Living accorded with the requirements of American literary field in the 1930 s and promoted the further development of American modernist literature and contributed to the emergence of postmodernist literature.What’s more,it satisfied the curiosity of Western readers who wanted to know more about China and Chinese wisdom at that time.In the political arena,the United States and China were in an alliance,which was conducive to the dissemination of Chinese works at that time.In the economic field,American people who had just come out of the Great Depression were depressed.The philosophy of Lao-Tzu and Chuang-Tzu and carefree spirit involved in The Importance of Living also gave these readers spiritual comfort.Secondly,the thesis analyzes the dissemination of The Importance of Living in the US from the perspective of capital.On the one hand,Lin Yutang’s social capital originated from his friendship with Pearl Buck and her husband;on the other hand,Lin Yutang’s acquaintance with many celebrities in the US also gained him extensive reputation.Lin Yutang’s cultural capital originated from the influence of his family and years of overseas study.As a royalty king,Lin Yutang’s own economic capital was also unparalleled by translators or writers of the same period.Therefore,Lin Yutang’s accumulated capital laid him a unique position in the contemporary American literary field,which to some degree promoted the dissemination of The Importance of Living.Thirdly,the thesis analyzes the translation strategies of The Importance of Living from the perspective of habitus.As to his choice of translation material,Lin Yutang chose spiritual literature and the philosophy of Lao-Tzu and Chuang-Tzu in his selection of translation materials.He selected works that coincided with his translationhabitus and the needs of the target readers.Regarding translation as intercultural communication,he combined translation with appropriate creation on the basis of being as faithful as possible to the original text so that he could not only ensure the quality of his works but also the sales.As far as translation strategies are concerned,Lin Yutang chose reader-oriented translation strategies to make the translation conform to the reading habits of the target readers as much as possible.Being a writer and translator and shouldering the special mission of introducing Chinese culture abroad,Lin Yutang translated some Classical Chinese works while writing,and conveyed Chinese wisdom successfully.Compared with the previous studies,which tend to be limited to texts themselves,the thesis goes beyond to study The Importance of Living from the perspective of Bourdieusian sociology.It not only confirms the value of the text itself,but also finds that the historical background and the accumulation of the author’s own capital are also indispensable to the popularity of The Importance of Living.However,owing to the limited time,the author didn’t manage to make a diachronic analysis of Lin’s translations,which is likely to conclude a more convincing conclusion.This leaves room for future researches.更多还原