【作者】 张亮；

【导师】 孙磊；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 植物营养学， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 为了研究有机肥和无机磷肥对马铃薯生长发育及块茎产量的影响,对马铃薯生产中有机肥替代无机肥的可行性及替代效果进行验证和阐述,本试验于2017年,在田间试验条件下,设置单施有机肥、有机肥和无机肥配施、单施无机肥的三个磷梯度,共5个处理,分别用O、OP1、P1、P2、P3表示,以‘尤金’和‘克新23号’为供试品种,研究不同施肥方案对马铃薯各器官的生长发育,整个生育期干物质积累量变化规律,磷素积累与分配,块茎产量构成因子,以及块茎酶活性的影响。结果表明:有机肥对促进两品种地上部茎叶的生长作用更显著,施有机肥（O、OP1）处理的株高、茎粗及叶面积指数均大于单施无机肥（P1、P2、P3）的处理。施有机肥还显著（p<0.05）提高了‘尤金’叶片的SPAD值,延缓了‘尤金’地上茎叶及根的衰老,而对‘克新23号’的叶片SPAD值及茎叶的衰老影响不显著。施无机磷肥则促进了两个品种根系伸长,增加了根冠比,其中P2处理的根冠比最高,分别较O处理提高14.57%和12.98%。与施用有机肥相比,单施无机肥提高了两个品种块茎的干物质积累量及磷素分配比例;但降低了全株干物质和磷素积累量。两品种各处理的块茎干物质积累曲线均呈“S”型变化,但在苗后30-46天‘尤金’单施无机肥处理（P1、P2、P3）的块茎干物质积累速率大于施有机肥的处理（O、OP1）,至苗后46-60天‘尤金’施有机肥处理（O、OP1）的块茎干物质积累速率反而大于单施无机肥的处理（P1、P2、P3）;而‘克新23号’P3处理的块茎干物质积累量在各时期均是最高的,除P3处理外其他处理相同时期块茎干物质积累量差异不显著。两品种各处理之间的光合生产率在块茎膨大前（苗后13-30天）差异均不显著;在块茎膨大后（苗后30-60天）,光合生产率最高的均是OP1和P2处理,且OP1>P2。不同肥料类型对‘尤金’块茎酶活性影响相对较小,但过量施用无机磷肥会导致‘尤金’块茎多酚氧化酶活性显著降低（p<0.05）。施有机肥有助于提高‘克新23号’块茎多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性,从而提高块茎抗病性和耐贮性;单施无机肥的块茎多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性则随着施磷量的增加先升高后降低。除‘克新23号’P1处理外,两个品种单施无机肥处理的单株结薯数均高于施有机肥的处理,其中‘尤金’P2处理的单株结薯数最高（6.20个/株）,‘克新23号’P3处理的单株结薯数最高（4.84个/株）。施用有机肥处理的单株结薯数虽然较少,但其平均薯重和商品薯率较高,其中‘尤金’有机肥处理O、OP1的平均薯重较P1处理分别提高27.31%（p<0.05）和15.50%;‘克新23号’各处理间的平均薯重差异均不显著。相同处理下‘尤金’的单株结薯数高于‘克新23号’,但‘克新23号’的平均薯重更高。两个品种均是P1处理的平均薯重最小,产量最低,最高产量均为单施无机肥的处理,但‘尤金’产量最高的为P2处理（90 kg P₂O₅/hm²）,产量达41.50 t/hm²,较P1处理增产15.5%;而‘克新23号’产量最高的为P3处理（135 kg P₂O₅/hm²）,产量达41.26 t/hm²,较P1处理增产20.8%。在本试验条件下,有机替代OP1处理的产量虽然没有达到最高水平,但均高于P1处理（45 kg P₂O₅/hm²）。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to discover the feasibility and alternative effects of organic fertilizer instead of inorganic fertilizer in potato production,the effects of organic fertilizers and inorganic phosphate fertilizers on the growth as well as the yield of potato wa s studied.In 2017,A field experiment was conducted by using ‘Youjin’ and ‘Kexin 23’ varieties,five treatments are set up,including single application of inorganic or organic fertilizers and combined application of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer,which were represented by O,OP1,P1,P2 and P3.the effects of different fertilization schemes on the growth and development of potato organs,the changes of dry matter accumulation during the whole growth period,the accumulation and distribution of phosphorus（P）,the components of tuber yield and the enzyme activity of tubers were studied.The results show:Organic fertilizers are more effective in promoting the growth of the vines of ‘Youjin’ and ‘Kexin 23’,and the effect of organic fertilizer is more significant（p<0.05）.The plant height,stem diameter and leaf area index（LAI）of the two varieties with applicaiton of organic fertilizer（O,OP1）were higher than those of inorganic fertilizer（P1,P2,P3）only.Application of organic fertilizer also increased the SPAD value of ‘Youjin’ significantly（p<0.05）and delayed the senescence of vines and roots of ‘Youjin’,while the effects on the ‘Kexin 23’ were not significant.The application of inorganic phosphate fertilizer promoted the elongation of roots and increased the ratio of root to shoot of the two varieties.Among the 5 treatment,‘P2’ treatment had the highest root-shoot ratio,which was 14.57% and 12.98% higher than ‘O’ treatment,respectively.Compared with applied organic fertilizer,single application of inorganic fertilizer increased the dry matter accumulation and P distribution ratio in tubers of two varieties,but decreased the dry matter and P accumulation of the whole plant.The dry matter accumulation curves of all treatments of the 2 varieties showed an "S" curve.In the 30-46 days after the seedling,the accumulation rate of the dry matter of the tubers of ‘Youjin’ treated by the single-inorganic fertilizer was higher than that of the organic fertilizer.From 46 to 60 days after the seedling,the accumulation rate of the dry matter of the tubers treated by organic fertilizer was higher than that of the single application of inorganic fertilizer.The accumulation of dry matter in tubers of ‘Kexin 23’ treated by P3 was the highest in all periods than others,and the difference in dry matter accumulation of tubers treated in the same period was not significant except for P3 treatment.Before tuber enlargement（13-30 days after seedling）,The difference in photosynthetic productivity of all treatments of ‘Youjin’ and ‘Kexin 23’ was not significant;after tuber enlargement（30-60 days after seedling）,The highest photosynthetic productivity of the two varieties was treated with OP1 and P2,and OP1>P2.Fertilizer types had relatively little effect on the enzyme activity of ‘Youjin’ tubers,but excessive application of inorganic P fertilizer resulted in a significant decrease in the polyphenol oxidase activity of the ‘Youjin’ tuber（p<0.05）.The application of organic fertilizer helps to increase the activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase in ‘Kexin 23’ tuber,thereby improving tuber disease resistance and storability,The activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase in tubers increased first and then decreased with the increase of P rate.Except for the P1 treatment of ‘Kexin 23’,the number of tubers per plant treated with single inorganic fertilizer was higher than that of organic fertilizer,and the highest number of tubers per plant of ‘Youjin’ treated with P2 was 6.20 per plant,while The highest number of tubers per plant of ‘Kexin 23’ treated with P3 was 4.84 per plant.Although the number of tubers per plant treated with organic fertilizer was small,the average tuber weight and commercial tuber rate were higher.Among them,the average tuber weight of O and OP1 treatment of ‘Youjin’ increased by 27.31%（p<0.05）and 15.50%,respectively,compared with P1 treatment.The difference of average tuber weight between the treatments of ‘Kexin 23’ was not significant.The same processed ‘Youjin’ has a higher number of potatoes per plant than ‘Kexin 23’,but ‘Kexin 23’ has a higher average tuber weight.The highest yields of the two varieties were treated with single application of inorganic fertilizer,but the demand for phosphorus in t he two varieties was different.The highest yield of ‘Youjin’ was P2 treatment（90 kg P₂O₅ / ha）,which was 15.5% higher than the lowest yield P1 treatment.The highest yield of ‘Kexin 23’ was P3 treatment（135 kg P₂O₅ / ha）,which was 20.8% higher than the lowest yield P1 treatment.Under the conditions of this experiment,although the yield of organic substitution treatment（OP1）did not reach the highest level,it was higher than P1 treatment（45 kg P₂O₅ / hm²）.更多还原