嘉兴市农村生活污水处理设施优先控制区识别与监管方案研究

【作者】 王敏；

【导师】 刘锐；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 环境科学， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 我国农村人口多,生活污水排放量大但处理率低,农村生活污水对地表水环境的影响已得到广泛关注。近年来,我国建设了大量农村生活污水处理设施,这些设施数量庞大、位置分散,运维监管难度很大。本文以长三角中下游平原河网地区嘉兴市为研究对象,首先建立了嘉兴市农村生活污水处理设施基础数据库,统计分析了嘉兴全市及其下辖各区（县、市）设施工艺和设施规模的分布特征;之后,通过大量的实地调研和水质测试,研究了不同区域、不同规模、不同工艺设施的出水水质达标情况;最后,选择秀洲区和海宁市为例,以乡镇区划为单元,研究出识别农村生活污水处理设施优先控制区的方法,并制定出高效经济的运维监管方案。研究结果可为把握设施运行现状、提高对设施的运维监管效率提供技术支撑。研究结果表明:（1）嘉兴全市已交付运维的农村生活污水处理设施共2142座(设计规模≥1 t·d^-1)。其中,规模以1～20 t·d^-1（不含）为主,占68.4%,工艺以接触氧化式厌氧-缺氧-好氧（AAO）为主,占68.2%。各区（县、市）中,平湖市、海盐县、嘉善县的设施规模以20～50 t·d^-1为主,其余区（县、市）设施规模以1²0 t·d^-1为主。除港区以ITE为主要设施工艺类型以外,其余区（县、市）均以AAO工艺设施为主。（2）抽检167座农村生活污水处理设施的出水水质,与《浙江农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准》（DB33/973 2015）二级排放标准进行比较,发现嘉兴全市化学需氧量（COD）达标率最高,为98.2%;四项指标均达标的比例为48.8%。设施规模对NH₃-N、TP达标率的影响并不大,但COD、SS达标率随设施规模的增加而增大,规模20～50 t·d^-1的设施四项指标均达标的比例相对较高。各种工艺中,ABT+PKA和BFP工艺设施的污染物达标率较高,四项指标均达标的比例为为66.7%和81.8%。海宁市、嘉善县、秀洲区农村生活污水处理设施污染物达标率最高,四项指标的总达标率分别为76.3%、66.7%、53.2%。（3）解析了秀洲区和海宁市的农村生活污水处理设施污染物排放强度。发现秀洲区农村生活污水处理设施的NH₃-N和COD排放强度明显高于海宁市,而TP排放强度则与海宁市差不多。各区（县、市）内不同镇（街道）排污强度差异很大。秀洲区内洪合镇各污染物的排放强度均最高;海宁市内盐官镇NH₃-N排放强度最高,许村镇TP和COD排放强度最高。（4）为提高监管效率,研究了秀洲区和海宁市农村污水处理设施的优先控制区域。从秀洲区5个镇470座设施中,筛选出3个镇（洪合镇、王江泾镇、油车港镇）为优先控制区,通过对王江泾镇50 t·d^-1以上、油车港镇30～50 t·d^-1等不同规模设施进行重点管理,可通过对17.7%设施监管,实现60.0%的排污削减。从海宁市11个镇178座设施中,筛选出5个镇（长安镇、许村镇、海洲街道、盐官镇、袁花镇）为优先控制区,通过对盐官镇50 t·d^-1以上、海洲街道5～20 t·d^-1等不同规模设施进行重点管理,可通过对16.9%设施监管,实现43.5%的排污削减。更多还原

【Abstract】 China has a large rural population,and its domestic sewage discharge is large,but the treatment rate is low.The impact of rural domestic sewage on the surface water environment has been widely concerned.In recent years,many rural sewage treatment facilities have been built in China.These facilities are huge in number and scattered in location,which brought great difficulty in maintenance and supervision.This paper takes Jiaxing City,a plain river network area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Delta,as a research object.Firstly,the basic information database of rural sewage treatment facilities in Jiaxing city was established.Then,the process and scale distribution characteristics of the facilities in subordinate districts（counties）were statistically analyzed.After that,through a large number of field surveys and water quality tests,the effluent quality was evaluated.Finally,Xiuzhou district and Haining city were selected as examples to study the method of identifying the priority control area of rural domestic sewage treatment facilities with township zoning as the unit,and work out an efficient and economical operation and maintenance supervision plan.The research results can provide technical support for grasping the status quo of facility operation and improving the efficiency of facility operation and maintenance supervision.The research results showed that:（1）A total of 2142 rural domestic sewage treatment facilities with a treatment scale of 1 t·d^-1 or above have been operated and maintained in jiaxing.Among them,the scale of 1～20t·d^-1(excluding20 t·d^-1)accountsfor 68.4%.The anaerobic-anoxic-oxic contact oxidation type（AAO）facilities accounted for 68.2%of the total number of facilities in Jiaxing city.Among the districts（counties or cities）,the scale of facilities in Pinghu county,Haiyan county and Jiashan county was of mainly 20～50 t·d^-1,and the scale of facilities in other districts（counties）was of mainly 1～20 t·d^-1.AAO process facilities were dominant in all districts（counties）except in Gangqu district,where ITE was widely used.（2）The effluent quality of 167 rural domestic sewage treatment facilities was sampled and compared with the second-level discharge standard of"Zhejiang rural domestic sewage treatment facilities water pollutant discharge standard"（DB33/9732015）.The results showed that the compliance rate of COD was of the highest,98.2%in Jiaxing city.The rate of achievement of all four indicators was 48.8%.The compliance rate of NH₃-N and TP showed little dependence on the facilities scale,however,the compliance rate of COD and SS increased with the increase in the scale of facilities.Those facilities of 20～50 t·d^-1 showed the highest overall compliance rate.Among various processes,ABT+PKA and BFP facilities showed the best pollutant removal performance.The rate of achievement of all four indicators was 66.7%and81.8%.Haining county,Jiashan county and Xiuzhou district were listed as the top three,in which the total compliance rate of the four indexes being 76.3%,66.7%and53.2%,respectively.（3）The pollutant emission intensity of rural domestic sewage treatment facilities in Xiuzhou district and Haining county was analyzed.It was found that the NH₃-N and COD emission intensity of rural domestic sewage treatment facilities in Xiuzhou district was significantly higher than that in Haining county,while the TP emission intensity was almost the same.Each district（county）inside different town（street）blowdown intensity difference was very big.In Xiuzhou district,the discharge intensity was highest in Honghe town for all pollution indexes.While in Haining county,the highest emission intensity was in Yanguan town for NH₃-N,but in Xucun town for TP and COD.（4）In order to improve the supervision efficiency,the priority control areas of rural sewage treatment facilities in Xiuzhou district and Haining county were studied.From 470 facilities in five towns in Xiuzhou district,three towns（Honghe town,Wangjiangjing town and Youchegang town）were selected as the priority control area.By focusing on the management of facilities of different sizes,such as 50 t·d^-1 above Wangjiangjing town and 30～50 t·d^-1Youchegang town,the pollutant discharge reduction of 60.0%could be achieved through the supervision of 17.7%facilities.From 178 facilities in 11 towns of Haining county,five towns（Changan town,Xucun town,Haizhou street,Yanguan town and Yuanhua town）were selected as the priority control area.Through the key management of facilities of different sizes,such as 50t·d^-1 above Yanguan town and 5～20 t·d^-1 Haizhou street,the pollutant discharge reduction of 43.5%can be achieved through the supervision of 16.9%facilities.更多还原