【作者】 李娟；

【导师】 杨玉珍；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 生态学， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 现代社会发展迅速,土地资源紧缺,探索农业与林业相结合的立体栽培模式,有利于提高资源利用率,实现可持续发展。本论文以郑州地区栽植的‘凤丹’牡丹为研究对象,分别设置牡丹单作、牡丹间作香椿、牡丹间作核桃、牡丹间作木瓜、牡丹间作女贞栽培模式。通过分析不同模式环境因子、光合特性、土壤性质及牡丹生产力的差异,探寻科学的油用牡丹立体栽培模式,为建立完善的油用牡丹栽培技术提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下:(1)环境因子研究结果表明:与单作相比,间作模式的空气温度均有不同程度地下降,且减小香椿和核桃的株行距,降温作用更明显。间作还增大了空气相对湿度。此外,随着上层林木枝叶展开,间作模式的光照强度低于单作;株行距不同也造成光照强度的差异,其中,香椿株行距等于或低于2 m×4 m时,核桃小于或等于4 m×4 m时,林下光照强度不足全光照的69%,牡丹-木瓜间作模式甚至不足56%。(2)光合特性研究结果表明:随着香椿和核桃株行距的减小,牡丹叶片总叶绿素含量有增大的趋势,但株行距减小,使得牡丹净光合速率降低。其中,当香椿株行距为3 m×3 m和4 m×4 m时普遍较单作高,而2 m×3 m和2 m×4 m则相反;核桃株行距为4 m×4 m时低于单作,其它处理普遍较单作高;在不同间作树种栽培模式中,牡丹-香椿、牡丹-女贞间作模式普遍高于单作,而其余两种间作模式普遍低于单作。在光响应参数中,与单作相比,牡丹-木瓜间作模式LSP最大,LCP最小,牡丹的耐阴性最强,且香椿和核桃种植过密,也会使牡丹产生此种适应性特点。(3)土壤性质研究结果表明:间作模式土壤pH值与单作无显著差异,但土壤含水率却有所升高,可见,间作具有一定的保水作用;除与木瓜间作外,大部分间作模式均增加了土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶及纤维素酶活性,但香椿与核桃株行距过小,会分别影响纤维素酶、脲酶活性。(4)在油用牡丹生产力方面,与单作相比,在不同间作树种栽培模式中,牡丹与木瓜、核桃间作的单株地上生物量分别下降15.34%、25.49%,籽粒产量也降低16.45%、25.49%,而与香椿、女贞间作单株地上生物量则分别增加11.65%、13.39%,产量也提高了42.85%、58.37%;在与不同株行距香椿间作中,2 m×4 m和2 m×3 m处理单株地上生物量下降,产量分别降低8.74%、7.86%,而3 m×3 m和4 m×4 m处理产量提高了50.29%、47.41%;在与不同株行距核桃间作中,4 m×4m处理牡丹单株地上生物量减小了27.66%,产量也显著低于单作,而其余间作处理均有所提高,以5 m×5 m处理最高。可见,株行距过小,会阻碍牡丹的生长,导致减产。(5)对立体栽培模式牡丹产量、净光合速率、土壤酶活性及环境因子进行多元逐步回归分析,结果表明:立体栽培模式中影响牡丹产量的主要因子各不相同。其中,净光合速率、脲酶、纤维素酶活性及大气温度等是影响牡丹产量的主要因子。从增加油用牡丹产量的角度看,适宜在郑州地区推广牡丹-香椿、牡丹-核桃、牡丹-女贞间作模式。但也要合理配置株行距,核桃株行距为5 m×5 m、香椿为3m×3 m时,籽粒产量最高;当核桃株行距不足4 m×4 m,香椿株行距不足2 m×4m时,会影响牡丹的产量。更多还原

【Abstract】 The rapid development of modern society results in land resource shortage.The exploration of stereoscopic cultivation mode of agriculture and forestry is beneficial to improve the utilization rate of resources and realize sustainable development.Taking the Paeonia ostii planted in Zhengzhou as the research object,this paper set the cultivation modes of peony monoculture and intercropping Juglans regia、Chaenomeles sinensis、Ligustrum lucidum、Toona sinensis.The differences of environmental factors,photosynthetic characteristics,soil properties and peony productivity were analyzed to explore the scientific stereoscopic cultivation model of oil peony,and provide theoretical basis for establishing the perfect oil peony cultivation technology.The main results were as follows:(1)The environmental factors results showed that the air temperature was reduced in the intercropping mode than that in monoculture.With the decrease of spacing of Juglans regia and Toona sinensis,the cooling effect was more obvious.Intercropping could improve the air relative humidity.In addition,with the branches spreading in upper layer,the light intensity in the intercropping mode was lower than that in monoculture;Different planting spacing also caused differences in light intensity.When Toona sinensis was 2 m×4 m plant-row spacing or less,and Juglans regia was less than 4 m×4 m plant-row spacing,the understory light intensity was less than 69% of the full illumination.Intercropping Chaenomeles sinensis is even less than 56%.(2)The photosynthetic characteristics results showed that with the decrease of spacing of Juglans regia and Toona sinensis,the total content of chlorophyll of peony leaves increased.But the planting spacing was too small,which reduced the net photosynthetic rate of peony.Among them,when Toona sinensis was 3 m×3 m and 4 m×4 m plant-row spacing,net photosynthetic rate was generally higher than that in monoculture.However,2 m×3 m and 2 m×4 m plant-row spacing were opposite;When Juglans regia was 4 m×4 m plant-row spacing,net photosynthetic rate was lower than that in monoculture,and other treatments were generally higher than monoculture.In different intercropping tree cultivation modes,net photosynthetic rate in the pattern of intercropping Toona sinensis and Ligustrum lucidum was generally higher than that in monoculture.The other two intercropping patterns were generally lower than monoculture.In light response parameters,compare to monoculture,the maximum light saturation point and the minimum light compensation point in the pattern of intercropping Ligustrum lucidum,which indicatied that the shade tolerance of peony was the strongest.And the dense spacing of Juglans regia and Toona sinensis,which also made such adaptive characteristics in peony.(3)The soil enzyme activity results showed that soil pH value was not significantly difference between monoculture and intercropping mode.But the soil water content was increased.It could be seen that the intercropping had certain effect of water retention.Except for intercropping with Chaenomeles sinensis,most of the intercropping patterns demonstrated a higher soil enzyme activity,especially towards urease,invertase and cellulase.However,the spacing of Juglans regia and Toona sinensis was too small,which will affect the cellulase and urease activities respectively.(4)In terms of oil peony productivity,compare to monoculture,the aboveground biomass of single plant of peony was decreased by 15.34% and 25.49% in the pattern of intercropping Ligustrum lucidum and Juglans regia respectively.The grain yield was decreased by 16.45% and 25.49%.The aboveground biomass of single plant of peony was increased by 11.65% and 13.39% in the pattern of intercropping Chaenomeles sinensis and Toona sinensis respectively.The grain yield was increased by 42.85% and 58.37%.In intercropping with Toona sinensis of different spacing,the aboveground biomass of single plant was decreased under 2 m×4 m and 2 m×3 m plant-row spacing,and yield was decreased by 8.74% and 7.86% respectively.However,the yield of 3 m×3 m and 4 m×4 m plant-row spacing was increased by 50.29% and 47.41%.In intercropping with Juglans regia of different spacing,the aboveground biomass of single plant of 4 m×4 m plant-row spacing was reduced by 27.66%,and the yield was also significantly lower than that in monoculture.But the other intercropping treatments were improved,and the treatment with 5 m×5 m plant-row spacing was the highest.(5)Multivariate stepwise regression analysis was carried on the stereoscopic cultivation model of peony yield,net photosynthetic rate,soil enzyme activity and environmental factors.The results showed that the main factors affecting peony yield in the stereoscopic cultivation model were different.Among them,net photosynthetic rate,urease,cellulase activity and air temperature were the main factors affecting peony yield.For the yield of peony,peony-Juglans regia,peony-Toona sinensis and peonyChaenomeles sinensis pattern should be considered suitable in Zhengzhou.However,the spacing should also be reasonably arranged.When the spacing of Juglans regia was 5 m×5 m plant-row spacing,and Toona sinensis was 3 m×3 m plant-row spacing,the grain yield was the highest.When the spacing of Juglans regia was less than 4 m×4 m plant-row spacing,and Toona sinensis was less than 2 m×4 m plant-row spacing,it will affect the yield of peony.更多还原