【作者】 李洁；

【导师】 王立；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 外国哲学， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 阿拉斯戴尔·麦金泰尔是社群主义的主要代表之一,他把个人生活乃至群体活动放置在社会背景中去理解,主张任何道德信念和正义原则都可以通过“历史性叙述”的方法进行说明。在进行依据历史发展和内在逻辑双重形式的推论中,麦金泰尔认为共同体主义和个人主义是处于前后发展的两种理论,对个人主义的产生及其理解需要建立在共同体主义的基础上。从共同体主义到个人主义的转变表现为:虽然它们共享某些相同的理论词汇,但它们对自我、善、道德和正义原则之间的关系的理解非常不同,这种不同既包含内部的矛盾,也表现为外部的冲突。在麦金泰尔看来,古代共同体解体后,群体和谐一致的局面被消解。现代社会充斥着各种不相容,每个人从自己的主体性出发,按照不同的价值标准制定德性规则和正义理论。由于以对立前提推出的标准各异,社会很难形成公共生活要求的普遍性规范,善观念、伦理概念、正义价值无法继续产生在传统共同体中承担的那种作用,所以导致了现实德性生活的混乱与理论信仰的危机。通过对历史性的德性观和正义原则与现实的依赖性群体关系的阐释,麦金泰尔认同一种合理的共同体理论,人们应该抛弃个人主义自救的方案,回到共同体生活。麦金泰尔的共同体思想是其理论的基石,而共同体的实质内涵却隐晦不明。因此本文以它为研究课题,并在如下三个章节中展开论述:第一章提出共同体的理论背景,从古典亚里士多德共同体中得出共同体的目的论框架,在社会学意义上的共同体中分析共同体的一般定义,用自由主义的共同体观和社群主义的共同体思想的对比结果来理清共同体的大致主张;第二章讨论麦金泰尔的共同体思想的核心观点,并分析麦金泰尔以共同体来批评个人主义的原因,进而对其进行合理性说明;第三章站在与自由主义对立的角度,指出共同体思想面临的困难,回应其遭到的指责以及说明它在现代民主社会中的价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Alasdair MacIntyre is one of the main representatives of communitarianism.He puts one’s personal life and even group activities in the social background to understand,and advocates that any moral beliefs and principles of justice can be described by the method of "historical narrative".In carrying out this inference based on the dual forms of historical development and internal logic,MacIntyre believes that communitarianism and individualism are two theories of development before and after,and the understanding of individualism needs to be based on the background of communitarianism.The transition from communitarianism to individualism manifested that there is different understanding of relationship among self,morality,justice and goodness for them,though they had shared same theoretical vocabulary.This difference not only includes internal contradictions but also external conflicts as behavior.In MacIntyre’s view,after the disintegration of the ancient community,the situation of group harmony was dispelled.The modern society was full of contradictions,and everybody dependenting on diferrent subjectivity,sets various rules for virtue and justice theories according to different values in their opinions.In society,because this different standard,introduced from the premise of opposition,is difficult to achieve the universal normative that is necessary for public life,the concept of ethics and the concept of justice cannot continue to assume the role in the traditional community,leading to the chaos of the real virtue life and the crisis of theoretical belief.Through the analysis of the virtue tradition and the principle of justice,MacIntyre agrees with a reasonable community theory.He believes that we should abandon the individualism self-help plan and return to the community life.MacIntyre’s community thought is unclear,so in order to understand the thought of community,the paper is divided into three chapters: The first chapter proposes the background of the community theory of MacIntyre,and the purpose of the community from the classical Aristotle community.On the framework,the general definition of the community is analyzed from the sociological sense of the community,and the core ideas of the MacIntyre community is clarified from the community of liberalism and the community of communitarianism.The second chapter discusses the community view of MacIntyre,analyzes the reason why MacIntyre criticizes individualism with the community,and then explains the rationality of the community thought.The third chapter stands in the angle of opposition to liberalism and points out the difficulties and values of the viewpoint of community in modern democratic society.更多还原