【作者】 王婷；

【导师】 刘振前；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 在我们的日常交流中,冲突性话语是对话者之间经常发生的复杂现象之一。尽管许多研究已经从不同角度对冲突性话语进行了探讨,但大多仍关注于研究在礼貌框架下的不礼貌,目的在于尽量减少人们不礼貌的行为,并最大限度地增加礼貌行为。本文通过研究两类参与者,即咨询者和调解专家,以及他们的互动,来探讨在咨询类语篇中冲突性话语的不礼貌体现,从而加深人们对不礼貌现象的理解,促进和谐社会的建立。根据Bousfield(2008)的不礼貌框架和Spencer-Oatey(2015)的关系管理模型,本研究试图回答以下四个研究问题:第一,在咨询类语篇的冲突性话语中,咨询者和调解专家使用什么不礼貌策略?第二,在咨询类语篇的冲突性话语中,咨询者之间以及咨询者与调解专家之间运用什么不礼貌回应模式?第三,不礼貌现象产生的原因是什么?第四,人们如何调节这两种关系?为了回答上述四个问题,本研究主要分四个步骤进行:(1)数据收集。在这一步,研究者下载了一档情感调节类节目的156集。每一集都由研究者本人仔细观看两遍。最终,从中选取了 246个冲突对话片段。(2)数据分类。根据冲突对话主体的关系,将选定的片段分为两类:一类为咨询者之间,一类为咨询者和调解专家之间。(3)转录。研究者将视频中的冲突性话语转录并注释为文本材料。(4)数据分析。在这一步中,研究者采用Bousfield(2008)的不礼貌策略和不礼貌回应模式以及Spencer-Oatey(2015)的关系管理模型来分别探讨本文的四个研究问题。通过对收集的数据进行分析,可以得出一些结论:(1)通过比较咨询者和调解专家使用的不礼貌策略,发现咨询者使用的不礼貌策略比调解专家使用的不礼貌策略更为多样化。首先,咨询者不仅使用了Bousfield(2008)已经指出的许多策略,而且还使用了之前未提出的策略。其次,在咨询者之间的冲突性话语中,攻击性策略和防御策略的应用更加多样化。(2)通过比较咨询者之间以及咨询者与调解专家之间使用的不礼貌回应模式,发现回应模式既存在相似之处,也有不同之处。虽然在这两种关系中,都运用了Bousfield提出的回应模式,但不同之处在于,咨询者之间的冲突更加激烈,有更多的话轮转换,更多的角色转换,更多的打断,使用的句子也更短。再者,与咨询者之间的冲突性对话案例不同,咨询者和调解专家之间的争论最终总是由咨询专家的说服而结束。(3)不礼貌产生的原因可以分为三类:面子,权利和目标,这与Spencer-Oatey(2009)的关系管理模型的三个基础相对应。(4)人们之间的关系管理受关系导向、语境变量以及社会习俗的影响。本研究既有理论意义也有实践意义。在理论上,本研究提出了五种Bousfield(2008)未提出的策略,丰富了不礼貌策略。在实践上,本文通过分析不礼貌策略和不礼貌回应模式,有助于人们更好地理解不礼貌,灵活运用不礼貌策略和不礼貌回应模式,最大限度地发挥语用效果,从而构建更加和谐的社会。更多还原

【Abstract】 In our daily communication,conflict talk is one of the complicated phenomena that happen frequently between interlocutors.Though conflict talk has been explored from different perspectives in many studies,most of them still focus on analyzing impoliteness within the framework of politeness with an aim to minimize people’s impolite behavior and maximize their polite acts.With a focus on two types of participants,the client and the counselor,and their interaction,this thesis is an attempt to investigate impoliteness in conflict talk in counseling discourse with a view to maximize people’s understanding of impoliteness and promote a society of harmony.Based on Bousfield’s(2008)impoliteness framework and Spencer-Oatey’s(2015)Rapport Management Model,this study is an attempt to address the following four research questions:First,what kinds of impoliteness strategies are used by clients and by counselors in conflict talk in counseling discourse?Second,what kinds of impoliteness response patterns are used between clients and between clients and counselors in conflict talk in counseling discourse?Third,what are the causes of impoliteness?Fourth,how do people regulate these two kinds of relationships?In order to answer the aforesaid four questions,this study mainly proceeded in four steps:(1)Data collection.In this process,156 episodes of one family therapy were downloaded.Every episode was watched by the author herself twice.In sum,246 fragments of conflict talk were selected.(2)Data classification.The selected fragments were classified into two categories according to their relationships:those between clients,and those between clients and counselors.(3)Transcription.Episodes of conflict talk from video recordings were transcribed and annotated into textual materials.(4)Data analysis.In this step,Bousfield’s(2008)impoliteness strategies and impoliteness response patterns as well as Spencer-Oatey’s(2015)Rapport Management Model were applied to answer the aforementioned four research questions respectively.Through analyzing the data,some conclusions can be arrived at:(1)Compared with the impoliteness strategies used by counselors,the impoliteness strategies used by clients are more diverse.First,the client not only applies many strategies that are already identified by Bousfield(2008),but also uses other strategies that have not been identified before.Second,in conflict talk between clients,the client tends to use various offensive strategies and defensive strategies.(2)A comparison of the impoliteness response patterns used in conflict talk between clients with those applied in conflict talk between clients and counselors shows that both similarities and differences exist.Though in these two kinds of relationships,response patterns proposed by Bousfield have been found,they are different in that the conflict between clients is more intense with more turn-taking,more role-shifting,more interruptions and more short sentences.What is more,different from the cases of conflict talk between clients,the arguments between clients and counselors are always solved finally by the counselor’s persuasion.(3)The causes of impoliteness can be grouped into three categories:face,rights and goals,which correspond to the three bases of Spencer-Oatey’s(2009)Rapport Management Model.(4)People regulate their rapport in conflict talk given that they hold different rapport orientations,and that they are influenced by contextual variables and social conventions.This study is significant both theoretically and practically.Theoretically,the finding,that five strategies which are not proposed by Bousfield(2008)have been found is an enrichment of the list of output impoliteness strategies.Practically,through analyzing impoliteness strategies and impoliteness response patterns,this thesis may help people to have a better understanding of impoliteness and apply impoliteness strategies and impoliteness response patterns flexibly in order to maximize the pragmatic effect and build a more harmonious society.更多还原