【作者】 张楠；

【导师】 姜爱丽；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 法律（法学）（专业学位）， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 经济全球化使国家之间在各领域的沟通和交流日益频繁,但与此同时,环境污染和自然资源的破坏远远超出一国的领域内,并对其他国家产生了严重的影响,成为区域性乃至全球性的问题。各国政府对这种能够造成全球性的环境破坏问题引起了重视,因此国际法委会编纂有关跨界环境损害国家责任的法律文件,并认为造成跨界环境损害的活动都是由国际法不加禁止的、在一国控制管辖范围内进行的、其有形后果可能造成重大跨界损害的危险活动,这类活动集中在民用核领域、航空飞行、外层空间利用、国际河流和共同水域利用、海洋开发、远洋石油运输等容易造成大规模跨界环境损害的领域,并且随着人类科技的进步和利用自然资源能力的扩大,引起跨界环境损害的领域范围会越来越大。国家作为国际法上的主要主体,在可能造成和预防跨界环境损害事件中的作用极为重要。虽然大部分的跨界环境损害案件需要国家和本国涉事私人主体共同承担赔偿责任,但是国家的性质和在国际法上的地位决定了国家对内有环境管理的责任,对外有义务预防跨界环境损害事故的发生,并且对已经发生的跨界环境损害事件也有义务去减轻损害造成的影响和进行相应的赔偿。引发跨界环境损害的私人主体对受害国承担责任因经济实力有限等存在固有的局限性,因此如何完善国家的跨界环境损害责任制度,对可能引起跨界环境损害危险活动采取制度措施进行积极预防.对已经造成的跨界环境损害事件如何减轻造成的环境影响和进行赔偿,目的是采用法制提高国家的环境管理水平,保护好全人类共同的绿色家园。本文对国家的跨界环境损害责任相关概念进行理论上的辨析,国家的跨界环境损害责任是由国际法不加禁止的活动引起产生的损害性后果的责任,它和传统国家责任不同的是有自己独特的特征。跨界环境损害的国家责任涉及众多的法律文件包括一些国际条约和一些条款草案,这些国际法律文件把国家的跨界环境损害责任分配到“预防”和“损失分配”两个方面去研究,确立了国家的“预防义务”和承担赔偿损失的责任,但这些国际法律文件的内容也存在不足之处:一是跨界环境损害责任的承担私法化趋势加强,国家承担赔偿责任居于次要补充责任。二是还没有形成统一的环境损害认定标准,当事国对是否构成跨界环境损害的认定存在争议。三是预防跨界环境损害的法律制度不够成熟。中国在应对跨界环境损害上也存在预防的法律制度不完善,和周边国家环境法制合作欠缺,不重视运用法律方法解决跨界环境损害等问题。因此针对以上出现的问题,寻找解决的对策:一是重新加强跨界环境损害的国家责任,针对目前存在的国际条约赔偿条款,由原来国家承担补充的赔偿责任改为和私人主体承担连带责任,有利于受害国和国民机动灵活的选择救济的方式,保障使自己的损失获得最大的赔偿。是根据“共同而又有区别的”国际环境法原则制定相对统一的环境损害认定标准,根据发达国家和发展中国家的国情不同,环境损害的认定标准也相对有所不同。三是重视和完善跨界环境损害的预防制度,不发生跨界环境损害就不会对其他国家造成环境影响,通过加强国家间的区域环境合作,设立和完善跨界环境影响评价制度等一些列的预防制度,采取制度的约束防治跨界环境损害的产生。中国需要完善和加强国内的环境保护方面的立法,加强与周边国家跨界环境的交流与合作,更加注重用法律方法解决出现的跨界环境损害事件,才能有效减少跨界环境损害的发生,维护国家的生态安全。对于文章内容的阐述,综合运用概念分析、法理分析、比较分析等研究方法,并结合跨界环境损害有关的案例,进行辅助论证。本文的写作目的在于采取法律制度措施以预防、减少跨界环境损害发生,保障受害国的国家利益。更多还原

【Abstract】 Economic globalization makes the communication and exchanges among countries in various fields more and more frequent,but at the same time,environmental pollution and destruction of natural resources far beyond the realm of one country,and has a serious impact on other countries,becoming a regional or even global problem.Governments also cause to the attention of the transboundary environmental damage,the international law commission also compiled a transboundary environmental damage and prevention on the draft,transboundary environmental damage caused by activities are not prohibited by international law,in a country’s territory,its tangible consequences can cause significant cross-border damage risk of activities,such activities are mainly civilian nuclear field,aviation,space utilization,utilization of international rivers and waters and ocean development,ocean oil transportation cause large-scale field of transboundary environmental damage,and with the progress of human science and technology and make use of thenatural environment ability to expand,The range of areas causing transboundary environmental damage will increase.As the main subject of international law,state plays an extremely important role in causing and preventing transboundary environmental damage.While most of the transboundary environmental damage cases need to state and local involved companies jointly liable for compensation,but the nature of the state and status in international law determines the internal environmental management responsibility,have the obligation to the accident prevention of transboundary environmental damage,and the transboundary environmental damage incident is also have the obligation to decrease the effect of damage and the corresponding Compensation.Private responsibility for other countries has inherent limitations due to limited economic power.Therefore,how to improve the national transboundary,environmental damage liability system,actively prevent the possible transboundarv environmental damage dangerous activities,how to mitigate the environmental impact caused by the transboundary environmental damage events and how to compensate,in order to improve the environmental management level of a country and maintain the common homeland of all mankind.Firstly,this paper discusses the relevant concepts of transboundary environmental damage,and theoretically differentiates the concept of transboundary environmental damage.Compared with traditional state responsibility,it has its own unique characteristics.Then transboundary environmental damage liability against the state of relevant international treaties and international law committee compiled two draft terms were analyzed,and the international state of the practice of transboundary environmental damage to "prevention”and "loss allocation","prevention" system can reduce the occurrence of’ environmental damage consequences,"loss distribution" is alter the occurrence of transboundary damage consequence,how to divide the country and operator’s liability to pay compensation.These international legal documents are the latest and most important legal achievements of the transboundary environmental damage liability of a country,thus showing the development trend of the transboundary environmental damage liability of a country.In other words,the positive significance of these international legal documents is clarified,and their shortcomings are also discussed.At last,according to the existing problems of national transboundary environmental damage liability and put forward the corresponding countermeasures,and focus on the specific problems of China’s existence of transboundary environmental damage put forward countermeasures for analysis.For the elaboration of the content of this paper,the research methods such as conceptual analysis,legal theory analysis and comparative analysis are comprehensively applied.and cases related to transboundary environmental damage are combined to conduct auxiliary argumentation.The purpose of this paper is to prevent and eliminate transboundary environmental damage and protect the earth’s environment.更多还原