【作者】 陈军；

【导师】 季涛；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 法律硕士（专业学位）， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 邪教是一种世界范围内普遍存在的具有社会危害性的文化现象。上世纪以来,邪教组织的活动愈演愈烈,给各国的社会秩序与人权保障带来极大的冲击,成为各国政府必须审慎面对的社会问题。我国对邪教的治理有几千年的历史传统,基于对邪教本质的认识,形成了“国家惩治”优先的治理模式,制定了严密的邪教惩治法律体系、设置了完善的邪教治理机构、国家公权力也深度介入邪教成员的教育矫治。自“法轮功”邪教组织取缔以后,邪教活动出现了新变化和新趋势,传播地域由农村转向城市,发展对象由民众转向精英,影响方式由线下转向线上,行为目的由单一转向多元。由此,传统的“国家惩治”优先的邪教治理模式不仅难以应对邪教犯罪的新变化,而且难以帮助涉邪人员较快转化,还难以彻底铲除邪教滋生的土壤。必须从根本上改变“国家惩治”模式的先天缺陷,构建起一种具有时代适应性的邪教治理新模式,才能确保国家社会的安全和人民生活的幸福。虽然,我国与欧美国家存在国情不同、制度不同、对邪教的认识不同等诸多客观因素,但仍然可以从上述国家的邪教治理模式中得到启示。一是淡化邪教和宗教的概念之争,务实地解除邪教危害;二是重视民事规范的作用,作为行政力量的重要补充;三是突出政府的全面职责,尤其是在文化教育引导方面的责任;四是发展民间社会力量,引入社会参与机制解决邪教滋生的社会问题。无论是政治改革的推动,还是社会现实的需求,都要求我国构建“强国家—强社会”的平衡型邪教治理新模式。这一模式借鉴了国外的先进经验,以“国家—社会”治理理论和“软法”理论为基础,既不断强化“国家惩治”,又大力发展“社会矫治”。一方面,完善惩治邪教的现有法律制度设计,加强行政、民事、刑事法律规范适用性;另一方面,建构全新的“社会矫治”体系,形成家庭、社区、学校、社会共同参与的反邪教多元防控机制和矫治路径。在“国家—社会”治理理论的视域下考察,反邪教协会是一种社会力量,它们透过软法机制参与邪教治理,形成了工作的基本方法,总结了工作的基本经验,同时也高度验证了“强国家—强社会”平衡型邪教治理模式的科学性和有效性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Cult is a social and cultural phenomenon with social harmfulness that exists universally all over the world.Since the last century,the activities of cult organizations have become more and more intense,which has brought great impact on the social order and human rights protection of all countries,and has become a social problem that governments must face prudently.Our country has thousands of years of historical tradition in the governance of cults.Based on the understanding of the nature of cults,a priority governance model of "state punishment" has been formed,a strict legal system for the punishment of cults has been formulated,a perfect cult governance institution has been set up,and the state power has also been deeply involved in the education and correction of cult members.Since the ban of Falungong cult organizations,there have been new changes and trends in cult activities.The spreading areas have shifted from rural areas to urban areas,the objects of development have shifted from the masses to the elites,the ways of influence have shifted from off-line to on-line,and the aims of behavior have shifted from single to multiple.Thus,the traditional "state punishment" priority of cult governance model is not only difficult to cope with the new changes in cult crime,but also difficult to help the personnel involved in the transformation of cults faster,and it is also difficult to completely eradicate the soil where cults breed.We must fundamentally change the congenital defects of the "state punishment" model and construct a new model of cult governance with the adaptability of the times,so as to ensure the security of the national society and the happiness of the people’s lives.Although there are many objective factors,such as different national conditions,different systems and different understanding of cults,between China and the European and American countries,we can still draw inspiration from the governance model of cults in these countries.Firstly,we should dilute the conceptual disputes between cults and religions and pragmatically eliminate the harm of cults;secondly,we should attach importance to the role of civil norms as an important supplement to administrative forces;thirdly,we should highlight the overall responsibility of the government,especially in the field of cultural and educational guidance;fourthly,we should develop the strength of civil society and introduce social participation mechanism to solve the social problems arising from cults.Whether it is the promotion of political reform or the demand of social reality,China is required to build a new balanced cult governance model of "powerful state and powerful society".This model draws lessons from the advanced experience of foreign countries.Based on the theory of "state-society" governance and "soft law",it not only strengthens"state punishment" continuously,but also vigorously develops "social correction".On the one hand,we should improve the design of the existing legal system to punish cults and strengthen the applicability of administrative,civil and criminal legal nojrms;on the other hand,we should construct a new "social correction" system to form a multi-prevention and control mechanism and remedy path of anti-cults involving families,communities,schools and society.From the perspective of "state-society" governance theory,anti-cult associations are a kind of social force.They participate in the governance of cults through soft law mechanism,forming the basic methods of work,summing up the basic experience of work,and also highly verifying the scientific and effective of the balanced governance model of"powerful state and powerful society".更多还原