【作者】 王晓璐；

【导师】 蒋媛媛；

【作者基本信息】 东北财经大学 ， 劳动经济学， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 劳动力是促进经济增长的关键因素,作为长期享有“人口红利”的国家,中国自改革开放以来,劳动力供给对于人均GDP的贡献率约为27%,中国女性的劳动参与率更是在世界一直处于领先地位。但近年来与其他国家相比,中国女性劳动参与率一直呈下降态势,导致中国“人口红利”不断流失。对于决策主体的劳动参与人口来说,女性的劳动参与相较于男性具有特殊性。因为女性在家庭活动上具有相对优势,女性劳动参与的选择更多受家庭因素的影响而使其劳动参与决策比男性更为复杂,特别是已婚女性更可能退出或中途加入劳动力市场。因此,如何提高女性劳动供给,焕发劳动生产要素的活力,是实现经济可持续发展亟待解决的问题。城市化的快速发展使得不同城市在经济状况、科教水平等方面存在显著差异,这种城市差异在劳动力劳动参与决策中无疑扮演着重要的角色,但以往研究倾向于以东中西部区域发展不平衡来解释劳动参与差异,忽视了不同城市中的女性个体劳动参与决策的差异。因而,本文以劳动经济学、结构经济学、人力资本理论等相关理论为基础,以已婚女性劳动参与决策的城市比较为研究视角,在参考国内外相关研究成果的基础上,通过Probit模型和OLS模型对比的估计方法,研究己婚女性劳动参与决策的城市差异问题。在实证分析方面,本文首先利用2002年、2007年、2013年三个时间点上横截面数据进行对比,探究个人因素、家庭因素对于总样本劳动参与决策影响力的大小和时间变动趋势。然后将样本按照城市加以划分,试图分析已婚女性劳动参与决策在直辖市、省会城市和其他城市之间的差异及影响机制。对于模型选取中可能存在的内生性问题进行稳健性检验,证明本文选取的回归模型具有良好的解释性。最后,着重从个人因素和家庭因素两方面分析影响不同城市已婚女性劳动参与决策的因素及影响机制,并提出相关政策建议。全文共包括五个部分:第一部分是绪论。主要介绍本文的研究背景、研究意义、结构安排、研究方法以及本研究的创新点和不足,对全文进行概括性的描述。第二部分是国内外文献综述。说明本文研究的城市地域因素在国内外研究现状。第三部分是理论基础。归纳总结了相关的理论模型,为本文的研究提供理论支撑。第四部分是实证分析。研究影响己婚女性劳动参与的总体性差异和城市间的结构性差异,并给出解释。第五部分是本文的结论与政策建议。经过分析研究本文得出以下结论:年龄因素方面,已婚女性的劳动参与和年龄之间呈“倒U型”关系,在35岁左右前随着年龄的增长劳动参与上升,35岁以后出现下降,不同城市之间年龄的转折点并无很大差异;教育因素方面,教育对于已婚女性劳动参与概率具有促进作用,而且层次越高作用越明显,但这种作用随着时间流逝而减弱,大专及以上学历对于劳动参与具有显著影响特别是对于直辖市和其他城市已婚女性具有显著的积极影响;家庭责任方面,老人照料对于已婚女性劳动参与作用方向不明显,学龄前儿童照顾成为城市已婚女性的主要家庭责任,对于已婚女性劳动参与决策具有消极影响,对于直辖市女性尤甚;家庭总收入方面,收入对于劳动参与的替代效应大于收入效应,家庭总收入的提高对于己婚女性劳动参与具有积极影响,省会城市最为明显。针对以上研究结果,本文建议通过优化己婚女性就业环境,扩展已婚女性就业渠道;健全女性阶段性就业体系,完善相关社会保障制度;调整直辖市发展模式,协调城市间产业发展;鼓励提升省会城市的工资收入水平,增加居民家庭总收入的方法,增加作为潜在劳动力的已婚女性劳动参与,缩小城市间发展差距,从结构优化角度推动经济发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Labor is the key to promote economic growth factor,as a country that enjoys a long-term "demographic dividend",since reform and opening up,China’s labor supply for the contribution rate of GDP per capita is about 27%,Chinese female labor force participation rate is always in a leading position in the world.But compared with other countries in recent years,the female labor force participation rate has been declining,lead to constant loss of China’s "demographic dividend".For decision-making of labor participation population,female labor force participation has particularity compared with male.Because women has a comparative advantage in family activities,the choice of female labour participation is more affected by family factors and that makes their labor participation in decision-making is more complicated than men,especially married women are more likely to quit or joined the Labour market.Therefore,how to improve the female labor supply and revitalize the labor production factors is an urgent problem to be solved for realizing sustainable economic development.The rapid development of urbanization makes different cities have significant differences in economic status,scientific and educational level,etc.Such urban differences undoubtedly play an important role in labor participation decision-making.However,previous studies have tended to explain the differences in labor participation by uneven regional development,ignore the differences between the city of female individual labor participation in decision making.Therefore,based on the labor economics,economics,human capital structure theory and related theory as the foundation,to married women labor participation in decision-making of city as the research angle of view,this paper referring to the relevant domestic and foreign research,to study the urban differences of married women’s labor participation in decision-making through the comparison estimation method of Probit model and OLS model.In terms of empirical analysis,the cross-sectional data at the three time points of 2002,2007 and 2013 were first compared to explore the influence of personal factors and family factors on the overall sample labor participation decision-making and the time variation trend.Then,the sample was divided according to the city to try to analyze the differences and influence mechanisms between the labor participation decisions of married women in municipalities directly under the central government,provincial capitals and other cities.The robustness test is carried out for the possible endogenous problems in the model selection,which proves that the regression model selected in this paper has good explanatory power.the married women’s labor participation in decision-making of urban differences.Finally,this paper focus on analyzing from two aspects of individual and family factors affect different factors of urban married female labor participation in decision-making mechanism,and puts forward relevant policy suggestions.The paper includes five parts:the first part is the introduction.It’s about the background,the research,the structure,the research and the innovation and the lack of this research,and the general idea of the general idea of the study.The second part is the literature review at home and abroad.This paper illustrates the research status of urban regional factors in China and abroad.The third part is the theoretical basis.The relevant theoretical models are summarized to provide theoretical support for the research of this paper.The fourth part is the empirical analysis.The general differences in labor participation of married women and the structural differences between cities were studied and explained.The fifth part is the conclusion and policy suggestions.This paper finds that in terms of age factors,there is an "inverted u-shaped"relationship between married women’s labor participation and age.Before the age of 35,female labor participation has increased with age,and female labor participation has decreased after the age of 35.In terms of education factor,women with higher education degree are more likely to participate in the labor market,but this promotion effect decreases with the passage of time.College degree or above has a significant impact on labor participation,especially for married women in municipalities and other cities.In terms of family responsibilities,the elderly care has no obvious direction for married women’s labor participation.Preschool children care has become the main family responsibility of urban married women,which has a negative impact on married women’s labor participation decision-making,especially for women in municipalities directly under the central government.In terms of family income,the substitution effect of income on labor participation is greater than that of income.The improvement of family income has a positive impact on the labor participation of married women,especially in provincial capitals.According to the above research results,the policy suggestion is that:we should optimize the employment environment of married women and expand the employment channels of them;improve the women’s phased employment system and improve the relevant social security system;adjust the development model of the municipality directly under the central government and coordinate the development of inter-city industries;encourage ways to raise wages and incomes in provincial capitals,increase the total income of households.It is hoped that through these ways,married women,as potential labor force,will increase their participation in the labor force,narrow the development gap between cities and promote economic development from the perspective of structural optimization.更多还原