【作者】 李宁；

【导师】 杨太新；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 王不留行为石竹科植物麦蓝菜Vaccaria segetalis（Neck.）Garcke的干燥成熟种子,具活血通经,下乳消肿,利尿通淋之功效。目前,王不留行原料药材主要来源于人工栽培品,对其生物学基础和规范化栽培技术的研究较薄弱。本试验分析了王不留行不同生育时期各器官对氮、磷、钾吸收利用的动态变化,探讨了不同种植密度及施肥对王不留行生长发育、产量及质量的影响。主要结果如下:1植株根、茎、叶营养器官和蕾、花、果生殖器官的氮、磷、钾含量均表现为先升高后降低的变化趋势。根的氮素含量以返青期最高,磷、钾素含量均以拔节期最高;茎的氮、磷、钾素含量均以拔节期最高;叶的氮素含量以拔节期最高,磷、钾素含量均以现蕾期最高;生殖器官的氮、磷及钾素含量均以现蕾期蕾的最高,之后花、果的含量降低。各器官的氮、磷、钾积累量及分配随生育进程而变化。叶的氮素积累量以初花期最高142.45mg/株,磷、钾素积累量均以齐果期最高,分别为28.32mg/株、146.11mg/株;茎的氮、磷素积累量均以齐果期最高,分别为80.10mg/株、36.90mg/株,钾素积累量以成熟期最高193.89mg/株;生殖器官的氮、磷、钾积累量均以成熟期果实的最高,分别为311.95mg/株、94.35mg/株、194.17mg/株,分别占全株的70.36%、68.44%、35.43%;根的氮、磷、钾积累量显著低于其他器官的,成熟期分配比例为0.95%³.32%。2种植密度对王不留行生长发育、产量及质量均有显著影响。随着种植密度的增加,一级分枝数、二级分枝数、结果数、籽粒数均随种植密度的增加而减小,表现为A4>A3>A2>A1。不同种植密度处理的产量差异显著,A1处理的产量最大4115.00kg/hm²,其次为A2密度处理的3990.00 kg/hm²;不同种植密度处理的灰分、醇浸出物、王不留行黄酮苷含量等指标亦差异显著,A1处理的总灰分含量最高2.33%,A2处理的醇浸出物含量最高7.80%,A3处理的王不留行黄酮苷含量最高0.449%。王不留行黄酮苷积累量以A2处理的最高17.716kg/hm²,且显著高于其他处理的。3随氮肥施用量的增加,植株地上部的氮、钾素积累量均显著增加,植株地上部的氮、钾积累量均以B4处理的最高,成熟期分别为500.72mg/株、500.76mg/株;磷素积累量以B3处理的最高147.14mg/株。不同施肥处理的王不留行产量和质量亦显著增加,B4处理的生物产量和经济产量均最高,分别为10662.50 kg/hm²和4040.00kg/hm²,两者与B3处理的差异不显著,但显著高于B1、B2处理的;随着氮肥施用量的增加,籽粒醇浸出物及王不留行黄酮苷含量均显著降低,均以B1处理的最高,分别为7.67%、0.492%;王不留行黄酮苷积累量以B3处理的最高18.162kg/hm²,B4处理的次之,两者显著高于B1、B2处理的。4不同施肥种类的王不留行氮磷钾积累量、产量和质量均差异显著。各处理的植株地上部氮、磷素积累量均表现为C4>C3>C2>C1,钾素积累量表现为C4>C2>C3>C1;植株地上部干物质积累量、生物产量和经济产量均以C4处理的最高,分别为46.10g/株、11525.00 kg/hm²和4267.50 kg/hm²,且显著高于其他处理的;各处理的总灰分、醇浸出物、王不留行黄酮苷含量等指标均符合2015版《中国药典》规定,总灰分含量以C2处理的最高2.34%,王不留行黄酮苷含量以C1处理的最高0.495%,醇浸出物含量以C4处理的最高7.77%,且其王不留行黄酮苷积累量亦最高20.015kg/hm²。结论:研究结果揭示了王不留行不同生育时期各器官对氮、磷、钾的吸收利用特性;明确了王不留行种植密度的适宜株行距为10cm×40cm;确定了王不留行有机肥和无机肥配合施用技术:每公顷有机肥1500kg无机肥N 150kg、P₂O₅ 150kg、K₂O150kg,其中有机肥和磷、钾肥全部作为基肥,氮肥40%作基肥,60%在现蕾期追施。更多还原

【Abstract】 Vaccariae Semen is the dried matured seeds of Vaccaria segetalis belonging to Caryophyllaceae.It has the effect of activing blood flow,promoting lactation,relieving swelling,diuresis.At present,the raw material of Vaccariae Semen is mainly from artificial cultivation,and its biological basis and standardized cultivation techniques are relatively weak.The dynamic changes in the absorption and utilization of N,P and K in different growth period of Vaccariae Semen,effect of different planting density and fertilization on growth and development,yield and quality were discussed.The main results are as follows:1 The contents of N,P and K in vegetative organs（stem,leaf,root）and reproduction organs（bud,flower,fruit）showed a trend of firstly increasing and then decreasing.The N content of roots at returning green stage was the highest,and the contents of P and K were the highest at jointing stage;The contents of N,P and K in the stems were highest at jointing stage;The conten of N in the leaves was highest at jointing stage,and the contents of P and K were highest at squaring stage;The contents of N,P and K in the reproduction organs were all highest at squaring stage,and the contents of N,P and K in the flower and fruit were reduced afterwards.The accumulation and distribution of N,P and K in various organs were changed with different of growth period.The N accumulation in leaves per plant was highest at initial flowering stage,which was 142.45mg,and accumulations of P and K were highest at full fruiting stage,which were 28.32 mg and 146.11 mg respectively;The N and P accumulations in stem per plant were all highest at fruiting stage,which were80.10mg and 36.90mg respectively,the accumulation of K was the highest at mature stage,which was the 193.89 mg.The accumulation of N,P and K in the reproductive organs per plant were highest at mature stage,which were 311.95mg,94.35mg,and 194.17mg respectively,accounted for 70.36%,68.44%,and 35.43%of the whole plant respectively;the accumulation of N,P and K in the root were significantly lower than that in other organs,and the ratio of maturity to maturity was 0.95%to 3.32%.2 The planting density has a significant affects on the growth and development,yield quality of Vaccariae Semen.With the increase of planting density,the number of first grade branch,the number of twice grade branch,the number of effective fruits and the number of grains all decrease with the increase of planting density,and showed A4>A3>A2>A1.The yield of different planting density treatments was significantly different.and the yield of A1 treatment was the highest,which was 4115.00kg/hm²,followed by A2 treatment of3990.00kg/hm².Different planting density treatments in total ash,alcohol extract content and vaccarin content were also significanly different,the total ash content was the highest2.33%of A1 treatment,the alcohol extract content of A2 treatment was the highest 7.80%and vaccarin content of A3 treatment was the highest,which was 0.449%.The A2 treatment had the largest accumulation vaccarin by 17.716 kg/hm²,which was significantly higher than that of other treatments.3 With the increase of N fertilizer application,the accumulation of N and K in plants above ground were increased significantly.The N and K accumulation of plants above ground in B4 treatment was highest,which were 500.72mg and 500.76mg at the mature stage respectively,the P accumulation of plants above ground in B3 treatment was highest,which was 147.14mg.The yield and quality of Vaccariae Semen were increased significantly with the increase of N fertilizer application,the B4 treatment of biological yield and economic yield were the highest,which were 10662.50kg/hm² and4040.00kg/hm²,and there no significant difference between the two B4 treatment and B3treatment,but both of them were significantly higher than that those of B1 treatment and B2 treatment;With the increase of N fertilizer application,the alcohol extract content and vaccarin content were significantly decreased,and B1 treatment were highest,which were7.67%and 0.492%respectively,but vaccarin accumulation of B3 treatment was the highest,which was 18.162kg/hm²,followed by B4 treatment,Both of them were significantly higher than that those of B1 treatment and B2 treatment.4 There was a significant difference in the accumulation of N,P and K between different fertilization types,yield and quality of different fertilization types were significantly different yet.The accumulation of N and K in the plant above ground all showed C4>C3>C2>C1,and accumulation of P was C4>C2>C3>C1.The dry matter accumulation of plant above ground,biological yield and economic yield were the highest in C4 treatment,which were 46.10g/plant,11525.00kg/hm² and 4267.50kg/hm²respectively,which were significantly higher than those of other treatments.The total ash content,alcohol extract,and the content of vaccarin of each treatment were all in accordance with the 2015 edition of China Pharmacopoeia,the highest total ash content was 2.34%with treatment of C2,the highest Vaccarin content was 0.495%with treatment of C1,the highest alcohol extract content was 7.77%with treatment of C4,and the vaccarin accumulation of C4 treatment was the highest,which was 20.015kg/hm².Conclusion:In this study,the results revealed characteristics of the absorption and utilization of N,P and K in various organs during the different growth stages of Vaccariae Semen,and the suitable planting density of Vaccariae Semen was determined to be 10 cm x40cm,and the organic fertilizer（1500kg/hm²）and inorganic fertilizer（N 150 kg/hm²,P₂O₅150kg/hm²,K₂O 150kg/hm²）application technology were determined,which organic fertilizer and P fertilizer,K fertilizer all as base fertilizer,N fertilizer of 40%as base fertilizer,N fertilizer of 60%as topdressing at squaring stage.更多还原