【作者】 周敏；

【导师】 杨剑；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 体育人文社会学， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 社会进步带给我们方便的同时也隐藏着不可忽视的弊端,人们习惯了网购替代“逛”街、外卖替代“做”饭或者“去”食堂吃饭、手游或桌游替代“户外”游戏……越来越多的年轻人喜欢“宅”在家里捧着手机或者电脑过一天。这种趋势同时呈现非常令人担忧的“青少年化”。而这部分缺失了的身体活动,会使青少年在远离健康的路上愈走愈远。青少年群体是祖国未来繁荣发展的核心,如何让青少年真正的爱上健“体”,并能“走心”的参与锻炼则成为青少年体育研究的热点和重点。有关锻炼动机的研究从起初对锻炼动机的理论模型的探讨,到锻炼动机量表检验、修订,逐渐转向具体领域内容的应用;在研究对象的选择上更多倾向于在校大学生、儿童和老年人以及特殊人群。本研究采用以实验法和问卷调查法为主的方法针对中学生的锻炼动机,提出三种奖惩干预方式(以惩为主:25%奖励+75%惩罚、以奖惩对半为主:50%奖励+50%惩罚、以奖为主:75%奖励+25%惩罚)对上海外国语大学附属外国语实验学校100名高一学生和海外国语大学附属第一实验学校100名初一学生实施三个月干预,并经过无干预的6周进行追踪测试,同时使用智能运动手环监测他们的能量消耗作为客观生理指标,以期从生理和心理两个方面观测中学生参与体育活动的身心变化。依据干预实验后测与实验前测和追踪测试与实验后测数据的统计学比较分析后得出以下结果:三种奖惩方式干预后:(1)以惩为主的实验干预对初中女生锻炼动机的成就维度、内摄调节维度、认同调节维度提高显著,能量消耗降低显著;对高中男生锻炼动机的成就维度提高显著,能量消耗降低显著;对高中女生锻炼动机的成就维度提高显著;对初中男生锻炼动机的刺激体验维度、外部调节维度削弱显著,能量消耗增加显著。(2)以奖惩对半为主的实验干预对初中男生锻炼动机的刺激体验维度,能量消耗提高显著;对高中男生锻炼动机求知维度、内摄调节维度、认同调节维度削弱显著,能量消耗提高显著。(3)以奖为主的实验干预对初中女生锻炼动机的内摄调节维度、认同调节维度和外部动机维度提高显著;对高中女生锻炼动机的内摄调节维度以及认同调节维度提高显著;对初中男生锻炼动机的刺激体验维度、成就维度,能量消耗均提高显著;对高中男生锻炼动机的求知维度削弱显著,能量消耗提高显著。经过6周的无干预过渡期的追踪测试后,结果如下:(1)以惩为主的实验干预对初中女生锻炼动机的成就维度削弱显著,动机缺乏维度改善显著;对高中男生刺激体验维度削弱显著,能量消耗维度提高显著;对初中男生锻炼动机的求知维度、成就体验维度、认同调节维度,能量消耗提高显著。(2)以奖惩对半为主的实验干预对高中女生锻炼动机的认同调节维度、外部调节维度削弱显著,能量消耗提高显著;对高中男生锻炼动机的认同调节维度、外部调节维度,能量消耗提高显著;对初中男生的能量消耗降低显著。(3)以奖为主的实验干预对初中女生锻炼动机的求知维度、刺激体验维度提高显著,动机缺乏维度改善显著,能量消耗削弱显著;对初中男生锻炼动机的外部调节维度提高显著,能量消耗降低显著。综上所述,三种奖惩方式对中学生的体育锻炼动机及坚持性和能量消耗均有显著影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Social progress brings us convenient but also hides the defects that can not be ignored,people are accustomed to online shopping instead of "shopping" street,take-away instead of "doing" rice or "go" to the canteen to eat,hand-travel or board games instead of "outdoor" games......more and more young people like "home" at home holding a cell phone or computer for a day.This trend also presents a very worrying "adolescent".And this part of the missing physical activity will make adolescents farther and farther away from being healthy.Youth groups are the core of the future prosperity and development of the motherland.How to make young people really fall in love with the "body" and participate in the exercise of "heart walking" has become the focus and hot point in the research of youth sports.The study of exercise motivation from the initial discussion of the theoretical model of exercise motivation to exercise motivation scale test,revision,and gradually turned to the application of specific areas of content;the choice of subjects more inclined to college students,children and the elderly People and special people.In this study,we adopt three methods: rewards and punishments of 30%,rewards and punishments of 50% for rewards and punishments,based on the methods of experiment and questionnaire.+ 50% penalty,based on the prize: 70% bonus + 30% penalty)Three months of intervention were conducted on 100 freshmen from the Foreign Language Experimental School affiliated to Shanghai International Studies University and 100 first-year students from the First Experimental School affiliated to the Overseas Chinese University,And after no intervention 6 after tracing test,while using intelligent sports bracelet to monitor their energy consumption as an objective physiological indicators,in order to observe the physical and psychological aspects of physical and psychological changes in secondary school students participate in physical activity.According to the statistical analysis of post-intervention test and pre-test and post-test and post-test data,the following results were obtained:Three kinds of rewards and punishment after intervention:(1)The punishment-based experimental intervention has significant effect on the motivation of junior high school girls in their achievement motivation,internal regulation and acceptance,significant reduction in energy consumption,significant improvement in the achievement motivation of high school boys,and significant reduction in energy consumption;The achievement dimension of high school girls’ motivation was significantly improved;and the experiential motivation dimension of junior middle school boys was significantly impaired,the external adjustment dimension was significantly weakened,and the energy consumption increased significantly.(2)The stimulus experiencing dimension of motivation for junior middle school boys was significantly influenced by experimental training with reward and punishment of half-dominated experiments,and the energy consumption was significantly improved.The awareness-seeking dimension,the regulation of innervation and the recognition adjustment dimension were significantly weakened and the energy consumption increased significantly.(3)The prize-based experimental interventions have a positive effect on the motivation of junior middle school girls to exercise their motivation,and the adjustment dimension and the external motivation dimension are significantly improved;The incentive experience dimension,the achievement dimension and the energy consumption of boys ’motivation were significantly improved.The awareness-seeking dimension of boys’ motivation was significantly weakened and the energy consumption was significantly improved.After 6 weeks of follow-up testing without intervention transition period,the results are as follows:(1)The punishment-based experimental intervention significantly impaired the achievement motivation of junior high school girls,and the motivation of lack of motivation improved significantly.The motivation of high school boys significantly weakened significantly,and the energy consumption increased significantly.The knowledge-seeking dimension of motivation for middle school boys,Achievement experience dimension,identity adjustment dimension,energy consumption increase significantly.(2)The recognition and adjustment of rewards and punishments of half-dominated experimental intervention on high school girls ’motivation,the weakening of external regulation and the significant increase of energy consumption;the recognition adjustment dimension,external adjustment dimension and energy consumption of high school boys’ exercise motivation Significant;lower energy consumption for junior high school boys significantly.(3)Prize-based experimental intervention on junior high school girls motivation training awareness dimension,stimulus experience increased significantly,the lack of significant improvement in motivation,energy consumption significantly weakened;motivation for junior high school students to regulate the external dimensions of significant improvement in energy expenditure Reduce significantly.To sum up,the three rewards and punishments have a significant impact on motivation and persistence and energy consumption of middle school students.更多还原