【作者】 王凯；

【导师】 刘生杰；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 背越式跳高自奥运会列入比赛项目后,很快成为一项普及性极强且受众程度较高的田径项目。随着时代的变迁,跳高技术也在不断地发展变化,背越式成为目前全球最高端的跳高技术之一。近年来专家对背越式研究不在少数,然而基本都是高水平运动员为主,忽略了基层的二级运动员,尤其对高等院校运动员的研究更是少之又少。正是因为各大院校相继建队,并加强训练,给国家队不断输送了一批又一批优秀人才。因此,高校良好的选材、训练以及比赛,成为提高我国竞技体育水平的重要组成部分之一。并且,多数专家研究大都选取单一视角,分别对运动学、动力学、肌电学进行研究,缺乏三者结合同步研究。本研究选取山西大学体育学院田径队跳高二级运动员3人,在保证实验前未进行剧烈运动情况下,采用Vicon三维动作捕捉系统、四块测力台以及表面肌电采集仪器,三机合一的方法对三名受试者完整的起跳动作进行全面分析;并依据运动生物力学原理等相关学科知识综合分析。试图对比本校运动员在动作技术层面同国内优秀选手的差距,从而为今后的科学训练予以一定的理论支持。本文研究的主要指标包括:起跳开始瞬间的身体重心高度和速度,在不同时相髋膝踝的角度,完成起跳的时间,离地瞬间的速度和角度;起跳腿在不同方向受到的反作用力;肌电的开始和结束时间、均方根振幅和肌电积分值等等。本文采用文献资料法,实验法,逻辑分析法和数理统计法等研究方法,得出以下结论:(1)三名受试人员在起跳开始阶段,身体重心的垂直速度有所减小,这可能与被试者腿的肌肉力量以及倒数第一步步长较长有关。身体重心的水平速度保持一个相对稳定的值,但是仍然与国内优秀水平选手差距较大。受试人员的重心高度方面,起跳脚着地时刻和摆动腿最大缓冲时刻对比相对较高,对加大蹬伸距离不利,影响完成动作效果。(2)三名受试人员在起跳过程中,膝关节的角度在缓冲阶段,也就是起跳腿着地瞬间到最大缓冲瞬间,除田××外,其他两人都在一个比较合理的角度范围内。田××则因膝关节角度较小,导致缓冲受阻,不能很好的过度到下一阶段。在重心经过垂直面之后,三人的膝角并没有完全充分蹬直,不利于快速腾空。(3)三名受试人员由于起跳腿的腿部力量欠缺以及踝关节柔韧性、力量较差,蹬伸距离小于国内优秀运动员。蹬伸不充分,跳起垂直速度就会减慢。同时,摆动腿与双臂的带动,也会利于快速离地。(4)三名受试人员的起跳总时间,较国内优秀运动的总时间长。主要体现在缓冲阶段和蹬伸阶段的时间都长于国内优秀运动员。缓冲时间较长,不利于快速蹬伸。蹬伸距离不变的情况下,蹬伸时间越长,蹬伸的速度就越慢。这都与运动员的力量素质有很大的关系,尤其是腿部相关肌肉。(5)三名受试人员的腾空角度同国内优秀运动员做比较,差别不大。被试者的运动水平和国内优秀运动员比差距明显,但是三人的起跳动作还是比较好,稳定性强,每个人都有自己固定的腾起角度。和国内优秀选手相比,没有显著性差异。(6)三名受试人员的技术动作动力定型较好,在不同方向上的反作用力曲线图保持较高的一致性,这与其长时间的训练有很大关系。(7)三名受试人员的肌肉肌电特征存在一定的规律性。起跳腿肌肉开始发力的顺序为:股二头肌→腓肠肌→比目鱼肌→股内侧肌→股外侧肌→臀大肌→股直肌。起跳腿肌肉结束发力的顺序为:比目鱼肌→臀大肌→股外侧肌→股内侧肌→腓肠肌→股直肌→股二头肌。肌肉贡献率小到大依次为:比目鱼肌→腓肠肌→臀大肌→股直肌→股外侧肌→股内侧肌→股二头肌。更多还原

【Abstract】 After the Olympic Games are included in the Olympic Games,back style high jump quickly becomes a very popular and highly audience track and field event.With the change of the times,high jump technology is also constantly developing and changing,back style has become one of the most advanced high jump technology in the world.In recent years,experts have studied a lot of back style.However,they are mostly high-level athletes,ignoring the two level athletes at the grassroots level,especially for athletes in Colleges and universities.It is precisely because the colleges and universities have built teams in succession,and strengthen their training,and give the national team a batch of outstanding talents.Therefore,the good selection,training and competition of colleges and universities has become one of the most important components to improve the level of competitive sports in China.In addition,most of the expert studies mostly choose a single perspective to study kinematics,dynamics,and muscle electricity,and lack the combination of the three.This study selected two athletes of track and field team high jump Sport College of Shanxi University in 3,to ensure that no strenuous exercise situation before the experiment,using Vicon 3D motion capture system and four force and surface EMG acquisition instrument,three machine a method of three subjects after the comprehensive analysis of the whole take-off.According to the principle,biomechanics principle and other related knowledge comprehensive analysis.This paper tries to compare the differences between athletes and elite athletes at the technical level of our school,so as to give some theoretical support to the future scientific training.Including the main indicators of the study: the start moment of the body center of gravity height and speed in the hip knee ankle angle,the take-off time to complete,from the instant speed and angle of the take-off leg;by force in different directions;start and end time of the muscle EMG,muscle EMG RMS amplitude the EMG muscle values etc.In this paper,the following conclusions are drawn through the methods of literature,experiment,logical analysis and mathematical statistics.(1)At the beginning of the take-off stage,the vertical velocity of the body weight of the three subjects decreased,which may be related to the strength of the legs and the longer step length of the first leg.The horizontal velocity of the body’s center of gravity keeps a relatively stable value,but it still has a big gap with the outstanding domestic players.The height of the center of gravity of the participants is higher than the maximum buffer time of the swinging leg,which is unfavorable for increasing the distance of the kick and affecting the effect of completing the action.(2)During the take-off process,the knee angle of the three subjects is in the buffer stage,that is,the instant to the maximum buffer moment of the take-off leg.Besides the field,the other two people are in a reasonable angle.Tian xx,because of the lower knee angle,caused the buffer to be blocked,and can not be over to the next stage.After the center of gravity passes through the vertical plane,the knee angle of the three people is not fully pedaling,which is not conducive to rapid vacant.(3)Three subjects were less than excellent athletes in China because of the lack of strength in the leg and the flexibility and strength of the ankle joint.If you don’t push enough,you will slow down the vertical speed.At the same time,the driving of the swinging leg and the arms will also help to get out of the ground quickly.(4)The total time of take-off of three subjects was longer than that of excellent domestic sports.It is mainly reflected in the period of buffer stage and pedaling stage,which is longer than the excellent athletes in China.The buffer time is long,and it is not good for fast pedaling.When the distance is constant,the longer the pedaling,the slower the speed of the pedal.This has a great relationship with the strength of the athletes,especially the leg related muscles.(5)The vacant angle of the three subjects is not very different from those of the elite athletes in China.The subjects of the sports level anddomestic elite athletes than the gap between the obvious,but the jump of three people is still relatively good,strong stability,everyone has their own fixed jumping angle.There is no significant difference compared with the excellent players in China.(6)Three subjects’ technical movements were well established,and the counterforce curves in different directions remained highly consistent,which had a great relationship with their long training.(7)There was a certain regularity in the muscle electromyography characteristics of the three subjects.The order of the start of the starting leg muscles is: the two head of the femur,the gastrocnemius,the soleus,the medial femoris,the lateral femur,the gluteus maximus and the rectus femoris.The order of the end of the take-off leg muscles is: soleus muscle,gluteus maximus,lateral femoral muscle,medial femoris,gastrocnemius,rectus femoris,and two muscles of the femoral head.The muscle contribution rate is small to large in turn: soleus muscle,gastrocnemius,gluteus maximus,rectus femoris to the lateral femoris to the medial femoris,and two muscles of the femoral head.更多还原