【作者】 梁山；

【导师】 郑熊；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 中国史， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 本文选择以司马光为考察中心,探讨在熙丰年间居洛士宦与道学兴起的关系。司马光作为北宋中后期思想与政治交织点上的核心人物,以他为讨论中心,更有利于从思想和政治的视角去理解北宋后期的政治改革及其思想变化。自仁宗庆历年间以来,儒学复兴之大潮愈来愈猛烈,当时尚年轻的司马光就在庞籍、范仲淹等人的感召下,潜心阅读儒家经典,以期治平天下。仁宗在位时期的历史发展和衍变即是道学兴起的时间条件。神宗熙宁年间,以司马光为首的一大批元老重臣,因反对变法而退居洛阳。洛阳由此在相当长的一段时间内成为当时的文化中心,道学即兴起于此空间之中。时空具备的儒学大潮所衍生出的“道学”思潮,在司马光身上有着极为显著的体现。以司马光为代表的北宋诸儒通过理解《易经》,重建儒家思想和政治秩序的根基。“形上”与“形下”揭示了“道器变通”之理的第一个层次:世间万物的存在方式不是“隐”便是“显”。“知”与“行”揭示了“道器变通”之理的第二个层次:人的主体性。“体用”则揭示了“道器变通”之理的第三个层次:道学思潮在对抗佛教的过程中,渐趋以“体用”的思维方式来阐明儒家圣人之教。司马光在理解《易经》的基础上,通过发挥《中庸》的思想来论述天道与人道沟通的方式—上下通达。首先,上下通达的基础在于确立“中”的视域。其次,人要在天命、率性、修道和教的相互贯通中,实现天人之间的合一。最后,惟有“诚”才能真的使天道与人道上通下达。司马光道学思想的具体内涵,表现在天道和人道两个方面。天道的显现是由天及人的过程,司马光的《潜虚》揭示了这一显现的过程:始于气而终于命。从家范之道、君道和臣道三个层次阐述人道的内涵。以司马光思想为代表的道学思潮,在北宋神宗时期兴起,其确是中国文化史上的大事件,其实质乃为宋儒超越汉唐,追溯先秦文化的行动。本文通过思想史与政治史相结合的研究方法,总结出北宋兴起的道学具有两大特点:其一:北宋诸子的学问思想之根基在于《易经》,他们对于象数均有所理解,邵雍最为精通,司马光、二程次之;其二:北宋道学的终极关怀在于政教秩序的重建。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this paper,Sima Guang was chosen as the research center to explore the relationship between the rise of Neo-Confucianism and Confucians.Sima Guang as is the core of ideological and political point in late Northern Song dynasty,with him to discuss the center,is more advantageous to understand the late Northern Song dynasty from the angle of ideological and political ideas of political reform and its change.Since renzong qingli periods,Confucianism revival the spring tide of more and more fierce,Sima Guang was still younger with help of Pang Ji,fan zhongyan,etc,reading the Confucian classics,in order to be great man.The historical development and evolvement of renzong’s reign were the time conditions for the rise of Neo-Confucianism.During the reign of the emperor,a large number of elder ministers,led by Sima Guang,withdrew to luoyang because of their opposition to the reform.Therefore,luoyang became the cultural center of the time in a long period of time,and Neo-Confucianism emerged in this space.The thought of "Neo-Confucianism" derived from the Confucian tide of time and space has a remarkable manifestation in Sima Guang.The scholars represented by Sima Guang,reestablished the foundation of Confucianism and political order by understanding the book of changes."above thing" and "below thing" reveal the first level of the "tao" : "hidden" and "explicit",the existence of all things in the world is not "hidden" or "explicit".The "knowledge" and "action" reveal the second level of the "tao" : human subjectivity.The "ti yong" reveals the third level of the doctrine of the "tao" : the doctrine of Neo-Confucianism,in the process of fighting Buddhism,has gradually adopted the thinking mode of "ti yong" to clarify the teaching of Confucian saints.Sima Guang,on the basis of understanding the book of changes,discusses the way of communication between heaven and humanity by playing an internuncial role.Firstly,the foundation of the upper and lower reaches is to establish the "medium" vision.Secondly,it is realized in the process of fate-human nature-taoism-teaching.Finally,this paper discusses the "zhi","ren" and "yong",and "cheng".Only "cheng" can make the way of heaven and humanity come to pass.The specific connotation of Sima Guang’s thought is expounded through the book "Qianxu","Wengong yishuo","Wengong jiafan" and so on.The manifestation of the celestial road is the process of heaven and man,and Sima Guang’s "Qianxu" reveals the process of this manifestation: it begins with qi and finally fate.The discussion on humanity is carried out from three levels: the tao of subordinates,the tao of king and the tao of family.Represented by Sima Guang’s thoughts of Neo-Confucianism,rise in the Northern Song dynasty,it really is a big event in the history of Chinese culture,the essence of which is beyond the han and tang dynasties,confucians trace the action of the pre-qin culture.the core thinking structure of Sima Guang bases on the book of changes,strong participation in politics can reveal the two characteristics of Neo-Confucianism : first of all,confucians’ thoughts is the foundation of the book of changes,shao yong is most proficient,Sima Guang,and cheng brothers are also familiar with it.Secondly,the ultimate concern of Neo-Confucianism in the northern song dynasty lies in the reconstruction of the political and religious order.更多还原