【作者】 赵阳；

【导师】 张岂之； 张茂泽；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 中国哲学， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 朱熹是中国古代理学的集大成者,其论述的居敬与格致诚正工夫相结合的一整套格物致知修养工夫,总结了儒学历史上提出的修养思想,具有重要意义。在朱熹看来,格物主体以其本具“明德”展现为修养的根据和修养的能力;同时,以其“理一分殊”思想统一了修养对象与修养主体。修养的结果是对抽象的明德根据的充实与发展,因此修养过程必然将认知因素纳入其中。这就要求修养者从知和行两方面获得修养的实效,也即“真知必能行”。朱熹的“格物致知”修养论的思想意义,就是修养主体以明德为根据,从现实人心上升为“圣人之心”的过程。它的逻辑基础就是由体到用,最后回复到“体”,从而实现“心与理一”。可以说,格物致知修养论的实质就是“天理”自己展示自己、发展自己、丰富自己的过程。在具体的修养过程中,主敬工夫展现为三个环节:立志、主敬以持志、立诚以至敬,并以“圣人之道”与“为己之学”为方向,不断地实现修养主体的自觉。同时,从现实人心出发进行一系列“格致诚正”工夫,对治现实人心存在的种种偏向。《大学》所讲格致诚正是工夫,物格知至等是效验。对于效验而言,各个工夫条目互为充要条件,必须同时达到至极,才能彼此证明彼此达到了至极;对于工夫而言,则是具有共时性,必须同时进行。格物致知修养工夫的结果就是“真知”,真知是抽象与具体的统一,不仅具有认知性因素,还包括情感、意识等因素。因此,修养上达到“真知必能行”不仅可能,而且其可能正是以天理的绝对性为依据。朱熹的格物致知修养论突出了认识活动在理想人格实现中的重要性,把认识活动与德性修养相结合,肯定了经验知识对于主体自觉、修养的作用。然而,朱熹的格物致知修养论也存在其弊端。一方面,尽管他强调认识活动与德性提升的结合,但在具体休养中并没有形成科学的认识方法,因此对经验知识的应用还不到位;另一方面,他以气禀因素区分出修养主体的圣人与学者不同,但却不能在理论上说明“气禀”的现实依据和学者彻底摆脱气禀干扰的必然性,由此导致,似乎只有圣人才能真正实现格物致知。如果能重视朱熹格物致知修养论的科学环节和理论框架,抛弃其中的形而上因素,朱熹的格物致知修养论也可以具有科学性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Zhu xi is an integrator of Neo-Confucianism in ancient China,and he’s the combination of “ju jing” and “ge zhi cheng zheng” is a complete set of "ge wu zhi zhi" cultivation theory,which summarizes the cultivation ideas proposed in the history of Confucianism,which is of great significance.In zhu xi’s view,the subject takes the innate x as the basis of cultivation and the ability of cultivation;At the same time,with the idea of "one unified principle",the cultivation object and cultivation subject are unified.The result of cultivation is the enrichment and development of the abstract and the enlightenment,so the cultivation process must include the cognitive factors.This requires the cultivation of the knowledge and practice of two aspects of the pragmatic,also known as "true knowledge must be able to do".The ideological significance of zhu xi’s "knowledge and knowledge" cultivation theory is the process of the cultivation subject,which is based on mingde,and rises from the real people to the "heart of the saint".Its logical foundation is to use the body,and finally reply to " thing-in-itself",to realize "xin yu li yi".It can be said that the essence of the cultivation theory is the “li” to show itself,develop and enrich its own process.In the process of specific cultivation,“zhu jing” is shown as three links,namely “li zhi”,“zhu jing yi chi zhi” and “li cheng yi zhi jing”,in the direction of "the tao of the sage" and "learning for oneself",and constantly realizing the subjective consciousness of the self-cultivation subject.At the same time,a series of "ge zhi cheng zheng" work is carried out from the real people’s mind,which is to treat the various preferences of the real people.says “ge zhi cheng zheng” is time,“wu ge zhi zhi” is the effect.In terms of efficacy,each time entry is a necessary and necessary condition for each other,and it must be achieved at the same time to prove to each other that they have reached the extreme.In the case of time,it is synchronic and must be done simultaneously.The result of accomplishment is "real knowledge",the truth is abstract and concrete unity,not only cognitive factors,but also emotions,consciousness and other factors.Therefore,it is not only possible to achieve "true knowledge and knowledge",but also it may be based on the absoluteness of heaven.Zhu xi new-confucianism cultivation on highlighting the cognitive activities in the ideal personality to realize the importance of the knowledge activities and the combination of moral cultivation,affirmed the experience knowledge for the subject consciousness,the action of self-cultivation.However,there are some disadvantages of zhu xi’s theory of knowledge and cultivation.On the one hand,although he emphasizes the combination of cognition activity and virtue promotion,there is no scientific understanding method in specific recuperation,so the application of empirical knowledge is not in place.He qi factors,on the other hand,distinguish between training the subject of saints and scholars,but not in the "qi" in the reality basis and scholars thoroughly get rid of the inevitability of qi interference,the resulting,only can we truly achieve the saint new-confucianism.If we can pay attention to the scientific link and theoretical framework of zhu xi’s knowledge and cultivation theory,and discard the metaphysical factors,zhu xi’s theory of the cultivation of his knowledge can also be scientific.更多还原