【作者】 王红；

【导师】 高锦花；

【作者基本信息】 延安大学 ， 中国古代史， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 “保富论”是随着富民阶层的崛起而在社会上形成的一种新的观点。富民崛起后迅速在社会生活中扮演起重要角色,于是政府及部分士人开始宣扬保护富民。“保富论”的核心观点是提倡保护富民,反对侵害富民利益,反对“夺富予贫”。唐代已经开始出现保护富民的言论,到了宋代,一部分士人明确主张保护富民,其代表人物有李觏、司马光、苏轼、陈亮、叶适等人。他们普遍认为富民是社会的中坚力量,将富民视为国家和州县的根本,主张贫富相资相养,认为富民能够为国家守财。这些观点和主张在整个宋代也体现出一定的差异性,比如保护对象上大富与小富的差别,以及保护内容上北宋与南宋的差别。同时,这也体现了宋代思想家或政治家们对国家赋税的摊派和经济的运行所采取的措施有不同的认识。但总的来说,这些主张都立足于维护国家利益。他们对富民的认识具有一定的主观性,从而过分夸大了富民在社会中的积极作用。有些甚至就是富民利益的代表者,而忽略了小民或者自耕农的作用。宋代“保富论”兴起有其特殊的时代背景和原因。首先,国家税收政策的调整侵犯了富民利益,同时国家依靠富民承担沉重的乡村职役,加之富民还须承担沉重的额外科配,这些都直接损害了富民的利益。其次,社会经济和文化的繁荣与发展促进了宋代社会观念的变化,商业不再是末业,商人地位得到空前提高,思想领域出现的重商思想,为“保富论”中提倡保护商人的观点提供了理论依据。商品经济的发展促进了财富力量的崛起,加之国家“不抑兼并”土地政策的实施,使得一部分人通过兼并土地迅速成为社会上比较受人重视的富裕阶层,他们日益壮大,并在国家的各项事业中发挥了许多积极作用,这也为“保富论”兴起提供了动力支持。“保富论”促进了宋代社会观念的变化,也对后世如我国元明清时期对待富民的政策和态度有直接的影响,且丰富了我们对整个中国古代社会“藏富于民”思想的认识。更多还原

【Abstract】 The viewpoint of “Safeguard the rich”,a newborn view came up with the rise of the rich civilian class during Song dynasty.The rich civilians played an important role after they won their wealth.In consideration the new rules of the class,the government and a part of social elites realized the interests of the rich persons should be respected and any attempts aiming to the deterioration should be condemned.Actually views about “safeguard the rich” could be date from Tang dynasty.In Song dynasty,many intellectual elites,Li Gou,Sima Guang,Su Shi,Chen Liang,Ye Shi etc.believed that the rich civilians were the middle class of the society,so the viewpoint of “safeguard the rich” could be basic rules of the state and local government.They also agreed that the government should rich its subjects,so it could rich the government in return.Though,all these elites all agreed on the viewpoint of “Safeguard the rich ”,there still has difference among them: some focused on the protection of the less riches;some intended to the advantages of the more riches.Also there exites some differences on the policy to the viewpoint of “Safeguard the rich ” between the Northern Song and the Southern Song.Though,there were many differences among these elites,all this proposal aimed to promote the interests of the government.Because,more attention had been paid on the interests of the rich civilians,the interests of the poor and the government has been ignored.Date from Song dynasty,there are many special background and reason about the viewpoint of “Safeguard the rich”.Firstly,the adjustment of tax policy put more burdens on the rich civilians.Their interest has been ignored;Secondly,the flourish of the culture and economy changed people’s view on commerce.The commerce were no longer deemed as the last important domain,the rich civilians also the rich got more respects from the society.The Chinese Mercantilism movement,which greatly enriched thoughts of people who wanted to be the safeguard to the rich civilians,it was greatly contributed to the Protection on the rich civilians.In return,the rise of the rich civilians had a great contribution to the government.Protections of the rich civilians not only changed the views of Song dynasty on wealth,but also led a gradually attitudes transition to the rich civilians in later dynasties,such as Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasty.更多还原