基于激光扫描技术的三维几何测量研究

【作者】 于晓；

【导师】 王海峰；

【作者基本信息】 青岛大学 ， 工程硕士（专业学位）， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 三维激光扫描测量技术能够对大型被测物进行扫描和测量,随着激光技术和电子技术的不断发展和改进,三维激光测量技术也逐渐的从点结构的光发展成为了线结构的光,如今已经发展成为面结构的光,这些都是和科学技术发展以及社会的进步所分不开的。虽然当今世界对三维激光扫描测量技术的研究已经非常的深刻,但是依靠目前的技术水平对大型被测物的测量还有所不足。本文参考现有的三维激光扫描测量技术和相关研究结果及文献,对大型被测物的扫描和测量系统进行分析和设计,总结得出一种在点云的处理和精度的测量方面非常快速的测量方式。本文把大型物体作为被测物,从其测量过程中和测量后的数据的整理和收集出发,对其可能和容易产生的误差进行分析总结,建立了点云数据的数学模型并分析了点云预处理和数据模型的参数之间的关系,为三维激光扫描测量系统的设计提供重要的经验和参数依据。论文对三维激光扫描系统的误差产生的原因和处理办法进行详细的介绍和详细的研究,对五种比较常见的误差源的产生的原因和消除、削弱的方法进行详尽的说明,实现了三维激光扫描仪器在大型物体测量过程中最大化的减小误差。点云数据处理及边界的提取是激光三维扫描系统运行过程中最重要的环节,本文对边界提取问题从空间平面边界的提取和空间曲面边界的提取两方面进行详细的说明,提出了多种的数据处理和边界提取的方法,并且对这些方法进行细致的对比和分析,从中选择一种最适合的、效率最高的方法。基于本文对大型物体的激光扫描几何测量的理论研究,提出了一种针对大型被测物的三维激光扫描测量的算法和测量方式,该方法可以高速准确的完成对大型被测物进行测量并对数据进行精确的输出,测量误差控制在允许的范围内,同时以大型高温锻件为例进行了详细的分析。更多还原

【Abstract】 3D laser scanning technology is applied to scan and measure large objects.With the development and improvement of laser technology and electronic technology,three-dimensional laser measurement technology has gradually undergone a series of development from the light of the point structure to the light of the line structure and currently a surface structure of light,which is due to the scientific and technological development and social progress.Although the research of 3D laser scanning measurement technology is very deep around the world today,there are still some deficiencies in the measurement of large objects based on the current technology.This paper referred to the existing 3D laser scanning measurement technology and the related research results and literature,analyzed and designed a test method and measurement system to scan the large objects,and concluded a point cloud process quickly and the results are of high precision.In this paper,large objects are used as the measured objects.Analyzing and summarizing errors are produced in the process based on the data measurement after the sorting and collecting steps in order to establish the mathematical model of point cloud data to analysis the relationship between the parameters of the preprocessing and model,which provides important empirical and parameter basis for the design of the 3D laser scanning measurement system.In this paper,the causes and methods of the errors of the three-dimensional laser scanning system are introduced and illustrated.The causes of the five kinds of common error sources and the elimination and weakening methods are also described in detail.The scanning instrument maximizes the reduction of errors during a large object measurement.Point cloud data processing and boundary extraction are the most important parts of the process in terms of the laser three-dimensional scanning system.The author explained the extraction of the plane boundary and spatial surface boundary in detail and put forward some data processing and boundary extraction methods.After detailed comparison and analysis,a most appropriate and efficient method is chosen.Based on the theoretical study of laser scanning geometrical measurement of large objects,an algorithm and measurement method for three-dimensional laser scanning measurements of large-scale objects is proposed in the paper,which is of use to measure large-scale objects in high-speed and lead to a precise output.The measurement errors are managed within an allowable range and the large-scale high temperature forgings are also analyzed in detail.更多还原