【作者】 陈星；

【导师】 周燕珉； 谢威；

【作者基本信息】 清华大学 ， 建筑与土木工程（专业学位）， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 近年来,在老龄人口迅速增长的社会背景下,我国的老年产业得到快速地发展,很多地区正在集中、快速地建设养老设施。然而,我国在大量兴建养老设施的同时,其火灾发生数量也逐年递增,引起了社会的广泛关注,养老设施的消防安全问题成为了相关行业的焦点问题。2015年5月,《建筑设计防火规范》GB50016-2014正式实施,相比于旧版规范,新规范对老年人建筑有了更明确、详细的规定。但由于执行时间尚短,在实际项目的审批过程中存在对部分条文理解有差异的问题。例如,一、二级耐火等级的老年人建筑是否可以将老人居室布置在三层以上的情况,在各地审批标准不一,导致建设者们缺乏明确的设计依据。本文在对国内养老设施的调研中发现,由于设计者和运营方缺少对老年建筑消防和避难疏散的深层次理解,导致现有建筑出现了很多设计和管理上的问题。而部分新建的、管理较完善的设施也只是本着执行规范条文为目标,并没有依据老年人的实际需求来考虑避难疏散问题。因此,本文希望通过对养老设施火灾应对设计进行研究,探讨如何通过建筑设计的方法,提高老人在火灾中逃生的成功率。由于对建筑进行火灾实验较为困难,实验本身不可逆,成本高;此外,国内养老设施的发展还处于初级阶段,在避难疏散上的创新设计还较为少见。为此,文中对发达国家和地区的养老设施展开文献研究、实地调研、案例分析,借鉴其先进经验,并结合国内实际情况,提出了养老设施火灾应对设计要点。首先,文中通过对不同护理程度老人的疏散特征,我国的建筑设计规范和养老设施调研案例进行研究分析,提出了我国养老设施在消防方面存在的问题。其次,通过文献研究和案例分析,对日本、德国等发达国家在老年人建筑上防火设计的先进理念进行分析、总结。在结论部分,本文尝试从平面设计、疏散路径设计和设施设备选型三方面给出养老设施火灾应对措施的设计要点。最后,作者将本文提出的部分设计要点应用于北京泰颐春养老中心的实践项目中,对其中的避难疏散问题进行了深入设计,结合实践对研究成果进行了检验和反思。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years,under the social background of the rapid growth of the aging population,China old-age industry develops fast.A great many areas focus on construction of elderly facilities at high speed.However,with the widespread construction of elderly facilities,the occurrence of fire in China increases year by year,which attracts great attention from society.Fire safety in elderly facilities has become the focus of relevant industries.In May 2015,Code for protection design of buildings GB50016-2014 was carried out formally.Compared to the old version of standard,the new standard has a clearer and more detailed definition to buildings for the aged.However,due to the short execution time,there are discrepancies in comprehension of some provisions in the process of the actual projects’ approval.For example,whether aged buildings characteristic of fireproof rank 1 or 2 can lay out aged living rooms above 3 floors differs in approval standards between regions,which results in undefined design reference for constructers.Through research of domestic elderly facilities,the paper found many design and management problems related to current buildings for lack of deep awareness to fire protection and evacuation of aged residential buildings among designers and operators.Some newly built and sound managed facilities only aim at implementation of standard without taking shelter and evacuation based on actual needs of the elderly into account.Therefore,it is hoped to study on fireproof design during elderly facilities,and explore how to improve the success rate of escape in fire for the aged by means of architecture design.But it is difficult to conduct fire experiments to architecture,as the experiment itself is irreversible and take high cost.In addition,the development of domestic elderly facilities still lies in the primary stage,and the innovative design for shelter and evacuation is relatively rare.Therefore,in combination of literature research,field survey,and case analysis of developed countries and regions,by learning their advanced experience associated with domestic practical situation,the article puts forward key points of fire response design in elderly facilities.Firstly,through evacuation feature varying from the elderly with different degree of care,China’s architectural design standard and investigation case analysis of elderly facilities,fire protection problems involved in China’s elderly facilities are raised.Secondly,by means of the literature research and case analysis,the advanced concept of fireproof design for the elderly buildings in Japan,Germany and other developed countries are analyzed and summarized.In the conclusion part,this paper tries to illustrate key points of design for fire response of the elderly facilities from three aspects,respectively,plan design,evacuation route design and equipment selection.Finally,the author applied some design points from the text in the Beijing Taiyichun elderly facility,and was devoted to the design of evacuation problems.Combing with the practice,the research achievement was tested and reflected.更多还原