【作者】 李艳；

【导师】 吴海波；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 外国语言学及应用语言学， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 形容词比较级的构成包括其规则形式和不规则形式两种。规则形式下通常有两种构成方式,一种是综合形式,即原级加后缀-er;另一种是分析形式,即在原级前加-more。传统语法规定,单音节形容词的比较级多采用综合形式;三音节或多于三音节的形容词,其比较级通常采用分析形式。双音节形容词两种形式均可,但是以-y结尾和以-ow结尾的通常采取综合形式。除此之外,有少数形容词采取不规则形式,其中far的比较级有farther和further两种。尽管传统语法这样规定,但是研究发现无论是单音节、双音节还是多音节在实际使用中却有比较级交替使用的现象。传统研究一般将重点放在研究形容词的构成、用法,但对其交替形式的使用、交替形式的使用频率以及其交替使用背后的动因的研究却很少。具体来说,本研究提出了以下几个问题:(1)英语形容词的交替形式有哪些?(2)英语形容词交替形式的频率分布规律是什么?(3)影响英语形容词交替形式的动因有哪些?本研究的意义现在如下两个方面:第一,理论层次上,本研究总结了英语形容词比较级的交替选择的用法,有助于加深人们对形容词比较变化形式的认识;第二,从实践层次上,本研究可以解决英语学习者在形容词比较级变化时的疑虑,帮助教师全面地讲解英语形容词变化规律。本文结合先前学者的研究成果,分别从单音节、不同词尾的双音节以及部分多音节中选取了其交替形势出现比较频繁的形容词,运用Google Ngram Viewer,对他们以及far的两种交替形式further,further进行百分比统计,从而对出现的情况进行分类,统计出他们的频率,计算出百分比,并且总结了之前学者提出的理论,之后在数据统计以及总结前人经验的基础上研究他们交替出现的背后动因。本文的研究结果为:1)无论是单音节、双音节还是多音节的一些英语形容词,在实际使用过程中,其比较级形式存在综合形式和分析形式的交替现象,同时存在不规则形容词比较级的交替现象2)对于有比较级交替现象的形容词而言,其使用与多种很多因素有关,并且对于某些形容词其交替形式不能相互代替使用,总体而言,形容词采取综合形式多于其分析形式。3)far的比较级further与farther的交替使用中有重叠也有不同4)在形容词的使用中,其竞争动机理论可以归结为以下几点:保持一致性和透明性;处理效率的高低;竞争模式的影响;复杂性;根据数据统计,其动因可以总结为:形态系因素,语义因素,句法因素,另外还与形容词的起源有关。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is well known that there are two kinds of adjective comparatives in English: regular form and irregular ones.Regular comparatives are formed in two ways,including synthetic comparatives(i.e.smaller)and analytic ones(more comfortable).The traditional grammar stipulates that adjective comparatives take different forms according to the number of syllables and final segments.Monosyllables and disyllables ending with –y and –ow usually take the synthetic form-er,while much longer syllables use the form –more.About some irregular adjectives,usually one adjective has two thorough different forms,for example,further and farther are adjectives of far.Though with these rules,the actual usage of adjective comparatives is far more complicated and has caught much attention of a number of scholars.Relevant studies before are usually about the formation and usage,while studies on adjective alternation and motivations are fewer.There are three questions addressed in this research:(1)How many kinds of comparative alternations do adjectives have in English?(2)What’s the spectral distribution of 21 comparatives and further and farther?(3)What are the competing motivations governing the choice of comparative alternation?In order to approach the topic,statistical description is made and qualitative research method is employed instead of from a prescriptive perspective.Firstly,based on previous scholars’ study,the paper chose a number of adjective comparatives respectively from monosyllables,disyllables and some longer syllables of which the alternations are frequently used and easily catch ambiguity.Then using the data collected from Google Ngram Viewer and BNC,all the frequencies of comparatives chosen above were calculated and some tables are drawn to show the comparison clearly.Finally,an analysis of the statistics is made and the possible comparative motivations are summed up.The significance of present study lies in two aspects: theoretically,it presented a more comprehensive picture of the comparatives formation which can increase the knowledge of those who are interested in studying comparatives;practically,this paper can work out the problem English learners are faced with during their comparatives study,also can provide teachers with a new perspective during the comparatives teaching.The findings of the study are as follows: firstly,whether adjectives have monosyllables,disyllables or much longer syllables,the synthetic or analytic comparatives alteration appeared commonly along with irregular adjectives comparatives alteration exiting.Secondly,for those adjectives which have alternative comparatives,their choices are determined bymany factors.Thirdly,about further and farther,both comparative forms have undergone overlap and differentiation.Lastly,the motivations theories can be summed up as follows: uniformity and transparency;competition model;processing efficiency;complexity;communication preference;and the motivations factors include morph-phonological factor,semantic factor,syntactic factor and origin factor.更多还原