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古代契约文书中“买”、“卖”类词语历时演变研究
【作者】 张静；
【导师】 黑维强；
【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2017， 硕士
【摘要】 契约文书是人们在日常的社会生活和经济生活中为了建立某种关系而签订的具有约束性质的协议。近年来,各地的契约文书资料不断刊布出版,在史学、法学等学科的研究上发挥了重要的作用。作为一种“同时”语料,契约文书时代明确、数量庞大、地域色彩浓厚且口语性突出,在词汇学方面具有极其重要的研究价值。封建社会以农为本,因此契约文书中关于土地类的居多,其中买卖类契约文书占多数,“买”、“卖”类词语是其必备要素。基于这一情况,本文以两汉至明清各地的契约文书为资料,从词汇的角度就23个“买”类词语与73个“卖”类词语进行辑录考释,描写其不同历史时期的面貌,阐述其演变规律,归纳其发展特点。首先,本文采用归纳与二重证据相结合的方法,对已经刊布的契约文书资料进行全面调查,钩沉古代契约文书中所出现的“买”、“卖”类词语,搜罗传世文献用例,二者相互印证,相互发明,从而全面揭示“买”、“卖”类词语的历史面貌。其次,采用纵向历时比较与横向共时比较相结合的方法,运用图表的统计方式按照从古至今的时代顺序排列所发掘的“买”、“卖”类词语,以此显示各个词语的地域分布状况。通过分析发现,在历时演变方面,有一部分“买”、“卖”类词语在契约文书中的使用时代有中断现象,而它们在传世文献中一直在使用;明清时期是“买”、“卖”类词语增长的高峰期,其数量约占总数的90%,这与该时期保存的契约总数是密不可分的;契约文书中“买”、“卖”类词语的使用时间明显滞后于传世文献。在地域分布方面,“买、买得、承买、卖、出卖、绝卖、杜卖、转卖”使用范围较为广泛,“买”、“卖”类词语在契约文书中的地域分布具有不平衡性。“买”、“卖”类词语的演变特点如下。结构方面,“买”、“卖”为其核心语素;其中存在倒序词;“买”、“卖”类词语中双音节词语占优势,且其大部分都是偏正结构和联合结构。语义方面,“买”、“卖”类词语意义具有继承性与变异性共存的特点;词义演变具有衍生性;且存在大量同义词或近义词。语法功能方面,“买”、“卖”类词语都为动词,一般用作谓语。语用方面,“买”、“卖”类词语通常出现在买卖类契约文书中;个别“买”、“卖”类词语的使用具有地域性。本文所考“买”、“卖”类词语,有的可为大型辞书的修订提供参考,也可为汉语中常用词汇的历时演变研究提供研究资料。
【Abstract】 Contract Documents is binding agreement signed by people who want to establish relationship in social life and economic life.In recent years,as the Contract Documents is widely published,it plays a significant role in historiography,science of law,etc.As a kind of coinstantaneous data,the Contract Documents has lots of distinguishing features,such as clear times,large numbers,cultural characteristics and colloquial language.It has extremely important value in lexicology research.The ancient ruler is agriculture-based,so there are a large number of land Contract Documents,including the purchase and sale contract instruments."买""卖”words are essential elements.Based on the above situation,this article uses different regions Contract Documents which can be collected from Han to Qing Dynasty.From the angle of lexicology,the dissertation selects twenty "买" and seventy-two "卖" words which are from the ancient Contract Documents,features their interpretation,describes these words in different historical periods,and elaborates their evolution,summes up the characteristics and development of those words.First of all,this article combines the method of literature with dual attestation.It not only carries out a comprehensive investigation of the published Contract Documents and summarize the "买""卖"words,but combines the Contract Documents with the ancient literature,so that the study is more comprehensive.Secondly,"买""卖" words are used in the Contract Documents from Qin to Qing dynasty,furthermore,those words are also widely distributed throughout the country.Therefore,when we summarize the developing law of"买""卖" words,we combine the longitudinal diachronic comparison with horizontal synchronic comparison,and use the statistical method of graphs to arrange the words according to the order of times from the ancient to present.Then we show the geographical distribution of each word.Through analysis,we find the following rules.From the diachronic evolution,some "买""卖" words have used interception in the Contract Documents.Ming and Qing Dynasties are the peak of the growth of "买""卖"words.The uses time of "买""卖"words in Contract Documents obviously lag behind the literature.From geographical distribution,the use area of militar "买、买得、承买、卖、出卖、绝卖、杜卖、转卖" is wide,and the geographical distribution of "买""卖"words in Contract Documents is unbalanced.Thus,we summarize the"买","卖" words’ characteristics in the evolution.In the field of structure,"买""卖" is core morpheme,and there are reverted words in Contract Documents.Two-syllable word are in a dominant position of "买""卖" words,and most of them are Modifier-core Structures and Associated Structure.In the field of Semantic,"买""卖" is related to the coexistence of inheritance and variability;the evolution of words meaning is derivative;and there are a lot of synonyms.With regard to grammar function,"买""卖" words are all verbs,generally used as predicates.In the field of pragmatic,"买""卖" words usually appear in the Contract Documents about land transaction,and the use of some "买""卖" words is regional.Through the study of twenty-three "买" words and seventy-two "卖" words in the contract instruments,this paper is inorder to outline the characteristics of its use,and provides the reference value for large dictionaries compiling.In addition,the preliminary discussion on the evolution of the "买""卖" words also aims at making some addition for the research on the evolution history of Chinese vocabulary.