自由与实践

【作者】 张敏；

【导师】 雷龙乾；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 自由是人类特有的存在方式即实践的本质属性,也是哲学理论研究的根本性、恒久性话题。本文集中关注人的自由问题,着力于运用马克思主义实践哲学的方法考察自由的现象、本质、规律和当代实践等诸问题。本文认为,在自由观的思想发展史上,马克思主义的自由观最具有时代性高度、科学性品格、实践性特质,是集科学性和革命性于一体的实践的、科学的自由观。如果说“现实人”都必然立足自己具体的生产、生活和历史处境去追求自己的自由价值、自由境界,自由就是人类普遍的终极关怀,那么马克思主义的自由观就是这种实践追求和终极关怀的思想阐发。因此,对当代中国的马克思主义者而言,从“中国梦”的发生、发展、困境和进路中,考察、理解、把握和阐发中国人民追求个人自由、民族自由、人类自由的实践逻辑,既是必要的责任,也是成长的契机。本文共分五个部分,绪论部分说明研究的原由,研究现状,研究意义、创新之处及研究思路。第二部分以实践哲学的视角追溯与反思了古代中西方、近代西方以及德国古典时期等马克思以前自由观的发展状况,从而得知以前的自由观都是偏离了完整的实践意义的自由观。第三部分,为了对马克思自由观有一个整体、清晰的把握和理解,通过研究和探析马克思的一系列著作,进而对马克思自由观的发生、发展以及成熟的建构脉络的条分缕析,发现其科学性恰恰就在于其自由观的发生、发展和发展进路都贯穿了实践的特质,与实践哲学相互推动发展,体现了实践的完整性,通过这种考察发现马克思自由观是具有实践特质的自由观。第四部分根据上一章的文本性研究,凝练了马克思自由观的实践特质;同时指出共产主义是资产阶级自由实践的积极扬弃;最后通过分析考察现代对马克思主义实践发展的偏离,从反面加深了马克思自由观实践特质的科学性。第五部分主要研究马克思实践论自由观的当代发展,指出中国梦就是马克思自由实践论在当代中国的具体表现形式。结合当代人自由发展遭遇的制约与困境而对自由的诉求,科学的探究了中国梦的发生、发展及发展进路,同时也使得马克思实践自由观得到了时代性的发展,凸显了马克思实践论自由观对人类自由思想的贡献。本文的主要认识观点。第一,马克思认为,从现实性上来说,人是一种包含理性在内的感性活动的存在,即实践的存在。而实践的根本特性之一就在于自由,人与其它存在的最根本区别之一正在于能够自由自觉生存、生产、发展。第二,人的自由只有在集体中、在实践的一定的社会关系中才能切实展开,才能真正全面而切实的实现。马克思认为,对于“离群索居”的人,他的自由不能算作真正的自由,也不具有普遍性和社会历史价值。自由的理论不能仅仅对自由进行抽象唯心式的精神演绎,因为演绎的越完满,越不利于自由的实现。第三,共产主义实践是扬弃资本主义实现人自由的伟大历史征程,“中国梦”则是这个伟大历史征程的当前历史实践。把“中国梦”这个伟大历史与马克思主义自由观的科学思想在理论逻辑上贯通起来,有利于中华民族伟大复兴的“中国梦”的自由价值实现,有利于“中国梦”自由实践理论更加具有现实针对性、实践创新性、问题情境性、前景建设性,在具体问题中获得具体和现实的进展。马克思实践论自由观以及与中国梦历史实践的具体贯通问题是一个具有历史深度和理论难度的研究主题,本论文切入程度有限,只是一点初步的尝试,遗留问题和不足之处在所难免,希望以后进一步升华和加深。更多还原

【Abstract】 Freedom is a unique way of human existence,that is,the essential attribute of practice,and also is the fundamental and permanent topic of philosophical theory.This paper focuses on the issue of human freedom,focusing on the use of Marxist philosophy of practice to study the phenomenon of freedom,nature,law and contemporary practice and other issues.This article argues that in the history of the development of the concept of freedom,the Marxist view of freedom is the most highly representative,scientific and practical,and it is a scientific and practical view of freedom,which is the integration of science and revolution.If the pursuit of freedom value and freedom state of "real people" is bound to be based on their own specific production,life and historical situation,then freedom is the ultimate universal concern of mankind,and the Marxist view of freedom is the pursuit of practice and ultimate concern Therefore,for the Marxists of contemporary China,it is our responsibility and a growth opportunity to study,understand,grasp and elucidate the practical logic of the Chinese people’s pursuit of individual freedom,national freedom and human freedom,from the occurrence,development,dilemma and approach of the "Chinese Dream".This paper is divided into five parts,The introduction part explains the motivation of this research,the present situation of this research,its significance,the innovations and the research thought.The second part retrospects and reflects the development of view of freedom before Marx’s,such as the ancient Chinese and western,modern western and German classical times from the perspective of practical philosophy,and learned that the view of freedom before was deviated from the integrated value of practice.In the third part,in order to have a whole,clear grasp and understanding of Marx’s view of freedom,study and analysis of a series of works of Marx have been done,thus knowing the birth,development and maturity of the Marxist view of freedom,acknowledging that practice can always be found in the whole process of Marxist view of freedom including its occurrence,and promote each other,which reflects the integrity of the practice.This study found that Marx’s view of freedom is a practical concept of freedom In the fourth part,according to the textual research of the last chapter,the practical characteristics of Marx’s view of freedom are emphasized.At the same time,it is pointed out that communism is the active abandonment of bourgeois freedom practice.Finally,by analyzing the deviation of modern development from Marxist practice,strengthened,from the reversed side,the Scientific Nature of Marx ’s Concept of Freedom.The fifth part mainly studies the contemporary development of Marx’s theory of freedom,and points out that the Chinese dream is the concrete manifestation of Marx’s free practice theory in contemporary China.Considering the contemporary people’s demand for freedom when faced with constraint and dilemma,exploration is made on the occurrence and development of the Chinese dream,which,at the same time,impels the development of the Marxist practice of freedom,and highlights the contribution of the Marxist theory of practice to the Thought of Human Freedom.The main ideas of this article are as follows.First,Marx believes that,from a realistic point of view,man is a kind of rational activity,including the existence of sensibility,that is,the existence of practice.One of the fundamental characteristics of practice lies in freedom,one of the most fundamental differences between man and other existence is the ability to freely and consciously survive,produce and develop.Second,human freedom can only be wholely and effectively realized in the practice of certain social relations.Marx argues that the freedom can not be counted as a true freedom for those who live alone,nor does that freedom has the characteristic of universal and historical.The theory of freedom can not be merely an imaginative spiritual interpretation of freedom,because the more perfect the interpretation is,the more unfavorable the realization of freedom will be.Thirdly,communist practice is a great historical journey to abandon capitalism to achieve human freedom.The "Chinese dream" is the current historical practice of this great historical journey.The theoretical and logical combination of "Chinese dream" and the scientific thought of Marxist view of freedom is of great importance for the realization of the free value of the "Chinese dream",and is conducive to the formation of the innovation and development of"Chinese dream.The combination of Marx’s theory of freedom and the specific problems of the practice of Chinese dream history is a research topic with historical depth and theoretical difficulty.This paper is just a bit of a preliminary attempt.Further sublimation and deepening will be done on the leftover problems and shortcomings.更多还原