磷石膏和有机肥对盐碱地芸豆生长及产量的影响

【作者】 王伟；

【导师】 杜吉到； 关勇；

【作者基本信息】 黑龙江八一农垦大学 ， 农业推广（作物）（专业学位）， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 东北地区作为我国重要的商品粮和畜牧业基地,盐碱地面积居世界苏打盐碱化土壤前三位,严重制约着东北芸豆（Phaseolus vulgaris）等杂粮作物的生长发育和产量。为合理利用大庆本地区腐熟的牛粪及工业废料磷石膏改良盐碱土,提高盐碱地芸豆的产量,增加农业收益。试验选择磷石膏和有机肥改良大庆盐碱地,品种选择英国红和吉引1号,采集芸豆和盐碱土样品,测定土壤理化性质,调查芸豆生育期进程,测定芸豆生理形态指标、保苗率、倒伏率、收获株数、产量构成因素及产量,探究磷石膏和有机肥对盐碱地理化性质及盐碱地芸豆生长和产量的影响。试验结果表明:1.混施磷石膏和有机肥对盐碱土含水量影响较大。单施有机肥降低盐碱土层容重,增加10²0cm盐碱土孔隙度和0.25⁵mm盐碱土团聚体数量。磷石膏和有机肥混施增加0¹0cm盐碱土层孔隙度,降低>5mm盐碱土团聚体数量。单施有机肥增加盐碱土碱解氮、有机质、全氮及全钾含量,降低盐碱土盐总量。混施磷石膏和有机肥增加盐碱土有效磷、速效钾、全磷含量,使盐碱土pH值下降1.06。单施磷石膏增加盐碱土交换性钙含量。单施有机肥使盐碱土呼吸强度、蔗糖酶活性及碱性磷酸酶活性分别增加152.78mgCO₂·m^-2·h^-1,0.19mg,1980.84mg;混施磷石膏和有机肥使盐碱土脲酶活性提高28.01mg。2.英国红全生育天数受混施磷石膏和有机肥影响较大,其对吉引1号营养生长期影响较大。单施有机肥使吉引1号收获株数增加11.39%,使英国红倒伏率增加59.17%。两个芸豆品种的株高、节数、分枝数、荚数、根长及不同器官干物重随着生育时期呈增长趋势。单施有机肥,混施磷石膏和有机肥均能增加不同时期两个芸豆品种的株高、节数、分枝数、荚数、根长及不同器官干物重,且存在品种间差异。3.单施有机肥,混施磷石膏合有机肥混施均可显著增加两个芸豆品种各时期的叶面积指数,显著降低各时期根冠比。混施磷石膏和有机肥增加吉引1号成熟期的株高、茎粗、底荚高、主茎节数、可育节数及荚宽,增加英国红成熟期的茎粗、主茎节数及可育节数;有机肥增加英国红成熟期的株高和底荚高。4.单施有机肥和磷石膏、有机肥混施均可增加英国红和吉引1号不同时期叶片净光合速率及叶绿素含量。单施有机肥降低英国红叶片丙二醛含量,增加英国红叶片过氧化氢酶活性,增加吉引1号叶片脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、过氧化氢酶活性及过氧化物酶活性;混施磷石膏和有机肥增加英国红叶片脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量及过氧化物酶活性效果,降低吉引1号叶片丙二醛含量。5.混施磷石膏和有机肥增加英国红单株荚数、百粒重及单株产量,增加吉引1号单株荚数;单施有机肥增加英国红单株粒数,增加吉引1号单株粒数、百粒重及单株产量;混施磷石膏和有机肥使英国红产量增加802.25g/hm²,单施有机肥使吉引1号产量增加1903.49kg/hm²。更多还原

【Abstract】 Northeast China is an important commodity grain and animal husbandry base in China.Saline-alkali land area is the third in the world.And it restricts the growth,development and yield of Phaseolus vulgaris.In order to using cow dung in Daqing area and industrial waste ardealite to improved saline-alkali soil,increased yield of kidney beans and increased agricultural income.Test select ardealite and organic fertilizer improved saline-alkali soil.Cultivar was British red and Jilin num.1.Collect samples of kidney bean and saline-alkali soil.Detected physical and chemical properties of soil.Surveyed growth period of kidney bean.Detected physiological and morphological indicators of kidney bean,harvested plants,seedling rate,lodging rate,yield characters and yield of kidney bean.Explored the effect of ardealite and organic fertilizer on physical and chemical properties of soil and growth and yield of kidney bean in saline-alkali soil.The results showed that:1.Mixing ordealite with organic fertilizer can much effcet water content of saline-alkali soil.Organic fertilizer induced bulk density,increased 10²0cm porosity and 0.25⁵mm the aggregates of saline-alkali soil.Mixing ordealite with organic fertilizer 0¹0cm porosity.Induced>5mm the aggregates of saline-alkali soil.Organic fertilizer increased the alkaline hydrolysis N,organic matter,total nitrogen and total potassium,induced total salting.Mixing ordealite with organic fertilizer increased effective P,available K,total phosphorus,induced pH by 1.06.Ordealite increased exchangeable Ca.Organic fertilizer increased soilrespiratoryintensity,sucraseactivitiesandalkalinephosphataseactivitiesby152.78mgCO₂·m^-2·h^-1,0.19mg,1980.84mg.Mixing ordealite with organic fertilizer increased urease activities by 28.01mg.2.Mixing ordealite with organic fertilizer can effect total growth days of British red and vegetative growth period of Jilin num.1 much more.Organic fertilizer increased number of harvested plants by 11.39%of Jilin num.1,increased lodging rate by 59.17%of British red.The plant height,nods of main stem,root length,branches,pods and dry matter weight growing over time.Organic fertilizer and mixing ordealite with organic fertilizer all can increase the plant height,nods of main stem,root length,branches,pods and dry matter weight of kidney bean.But,there were varieties in two cultivars.3.Organic fertilizer and mixing ordealite with organic fertilizer all can increase leaf area index,induce root shoot ratio of kidney bean in different period.Mixing ordealite with organic fertilizer increased plant height,stem width,bottom pod height,nods of main stem,effective nods and pod width in mature period of Jilin num.1,increased stem width,nods of main stem and effective nods of in mature period British red.Organic fertilizer increased plant height and bottom pod height.4.Organic fertilizer and mixing ordealite with organic fertilizer all can chlorophyll content and net photosynthesis rate in different periods of kidney bean.Organic fertilizer induced MDA content,increased CAT content of British red,increased WSS content,WPr content,Pro content,POD content and CAT content of Jilin num.1.Mixing ordealite with organic fertilizer increased WSS content,WPr content,Pro content of British red,induced MDA content of Jilin num.1.5.Mixing ordealite with organic fertilizer increased pods per plant,yield per plant and100-grain weight of British red,increased pods per plant of Jilin num.1.Organic fertilizer increased spikelits per plant of British red,increased spikelits per plant yield per plant and100-grain weight of Jilin num.1.Mixing ordealite with organic fertilizer increased yield by802.25g/hm² of British red.Organic fertilizer increased yield by 1903.49kg/hm² of Jilin num.1.更多还原