【作者】 郭建忠；

【导师】 刘淑慧；

【作者基本信息】 太原理工大学 ， 农业水土工程， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 山西省大同盆地盐碱地是我省重要的后备战略土地资源,对于解决我国和我省土地资源不足、粮食问题具有很重要的现实意义。大同盆地约有300余万亩盐碱土资源,土壤的盐渍化和水资源的匮乏是导致当地经济发展不理想和阻碍农民增收的重要原因之一。滴灌设施价格的下降和区域性水资源的匮乏使得滴灌成为近年来发展最为迅速的节水灌溉措施之一,也因此滴灌这种灌溉措施由最初用于温室大盆内的设施农业走向了用于大田粮食作物和改善盐碱土种植环境方面的研究。本论文在山西省大同盆地山阴县后张堡村重度盐碱荒地上开展滴灌土壤水盐调控试验研究,并采取平作和垄作的耕作方式种植草木樨和苜蓿两种牧草,利用蒸发皿所测蒸发量的百分比控制滴灌灌溉量,研究不同种植方式和不同滴灌灌溉量条件下草木樨和首蓿土壤水盐运移的情况以及苜蓿和草木樨不同处理下株高、产量和水分利用效率的关系;研究了饱和泥浆和不同土水比情况下电导率和pH值的相关关系。主要研究成果如下:1)大同盆地饱和泥浆土壤浸提液电导率与土水比1:5和土水比1:1的土壤浸提液电导率之间存在显著的相关关系,可分别利用一元线性函数模型E Ce = 8.2457ECC1:5-0.2669,R2 = 0.9461 和ECe = 2.1937EC1:1-0.0023,R2=9639 进行拟合回归换算;2)土上水比为1:5和饱和泥浆的pH值的二次函数关系为pHe=0.7489pH1:52-12.919pH15+63.646,R2=0.8712;水土比为 1:1 和饱和泥浆的pH值关系为,二次函数关系为pH=0.4464pH1:12-7.32pH1:1+ 37.965,R2= 0.9076;而采用氢离子负对数法并通过进行公式代换,pH1:1与PHe之间的关系可为:pHe=1g(0.2448×10pH1:1 +107),R2 =0.9621;土水比为 1:5的pH与pHe之间的关系可为:pHe=1g(0.2353×10pH1:5-108),R2 =0.8559;3)在盐碱土壤或者偏碱性的土壤中,测试电导率和pH值,建议采用饱和泥浆浸提液以减小由于弱电解质CO32-和HCO3-转换带来的误差,但是如果没有条件制备饱和泥浆浸提液或者时间仓促,则建议采用土水比为1:1的浸提液;4)通过对比不同种植方式对土壤盐分淋洗的效果,发现垄作淋洗盐分的效果好于平作,但在产量差距方面并不明显,因此建议在重度盐碱土地区可以采取垄作的种植方式,垄作的种植方式在出苗期进行灌溉可以比平作更好的进行盐分的淋洗,而苗期的作物耐盐能力最弱,可以增加作物出苗率;5)不同滴灌水量对土壤盐分淋洗研究结果表明,在土壤可以入渗水量的范围内,每3天蒸发量的50%对土壤淋洗效果最好,且首蓿和草木樨产量都是最高,水分利用效率垄作种植条件下是30%利用效率最高,平作种植条件下是50%的最高;6)在相同灌溉量情况下,草木樨株高和产量明显高于苜蓿。更多还原

【Abstract】 The saline-alkali land of Shanxi Datong basin,which is the important reserved land resources,is the key point to solve the shorten land resources and grain issue of our provinces.There are about 300 ten thousand acres saline-alkali land resources,which one of the most important reason to slow the development of local economy and to block the farmer’ income is the shortage of the water resource and the soil salinization.The lower price of drip irrigation facilities and the lack of water resources make the drip irrigation progress which one of the most rapid water saving irrigation measures,that make the greenhouse pot facilities agriculture to field crops and the research of improving saline alkali soil planting environment.This experiment was planted the alfalfa and sweet clover in the high saline-alkali in the place of Shanxi Datong basin shanyin county houzhangbu village.It was irrigated by different pan coefficient(Kcp=0.1,0.3 and 0.5)to study cultivation patterns of flat planting and ridged planting on the soil alfalfa and sweet clover,which the features of water and salt transport in soil and seedling rates of alfalfa,plant heights,fields and water efficiently in different conditions of alfalfa and sweet clover;studying the Mathematical relationship of the saturated soil paste and soil solution under 1:1 and 1:5 soil/water ratio.The experiment found those conclusions:1)There were electrical conductivity significant correlations between the saturated soil paste and soil solution under 1:1 and 1:5 soil/water in the datong basin,we could use a linear function model ECe = 8.2457EC1:5-0.2669,R2=0.9461 and ECe = 2.1937EC1::-0.0023,R2 = 9639 to calculate it;2)A pH Second Linear Fitting Relationship between the saturated soil paste and soil solution under 1:1 soil/water was pHe =0.7489 pH1:52-12.919pH1:5+ 63.646,R2 ＝0.8712;a pH Second Linear Fitting Relationship between the saturated soil paste and soil solution under 1:5 soil/water was pHe=0.4464pH1:12-7.32pH 1::+37.965,R2 =0.9076;The negative logarithm method of hydrogen ion was adopted and the formula is replaced,the pH between the saturated soil paste and soil solution under 1:1 soil/water is pHe =1g(0.2448×10pH1:1+107),R2=0.9621;the pH between the saturated soil paste and soil solution under 1:1 soil/water is pHe = 1g(0.2353 ×10pH15-108),R2 = 0.8559;3)If we want to calculate the EC and pH,we should adopt the saturated soil paste,but the saturated soil paste is difficult to preparation,so we could choose soil solution under 1:1 soil/water;4)By the contrast of cultivation patterns of flat planting and ridged planting,we found the cultivation patterns of ridged planting was superior of flat planting when salt leaching,while the yield gap was not obvious.So it was arecommended that in the severe saline land area can take ridged planting way,the ridged planting mode for irrigation could be better than flat planting mode of salt-leaching in the seedling stage,the salt tolerance of crops in seedling stage was the weakest,which could increase the germination rate;5)The amount of water in different drip irrigation for salt-leaching results showed that at the range of soil moisture,evaluate the effects of pan coefficient(K cp=0.5)of 3 days cultivation patterns of ridged planting’s EC and pH was fallen more obviously than other conditions,the sweet clover and alfalfa production was the highest than others,the condition of water use efficiency(WUE)ridged planting of 30%was the highest utilization efficiency.The flat planting mode conditions of pan coefficient(K cp=0.5)of 3 days was the highest efficiently;So if you pay attention to the effect of salt-leaching and forage production,we can use 50%E irrigation,if we pay attention to the efficiency of water use,we could use 30%E irrigation;6)In this two kinds of forage grass,under the condition of same irrigation quantity,sweet clover of plant height and yield significantly higher than the alfalfa of plant height and yield.更多还原