皖南古村落景观文化生态格局与特征研究

【作者】 张莉；

【导师】 周年兴；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 人文地理学， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 景观是自然和文化交织的复合系统,文化对于景观有着深刻的影响。古村落景观是一种典型的文化生态聚落景观,它体现了中国古人人居文化思想和朴素生态观。皖南古村落在传统文化理论的指导下,顺应自然、利用自然,使人居环境与自然相融合,达到了 “天人合一”的理想景观并且同时具有良好的生态效应。本文以宏村、西递、南溪和南屏为例,基于2014年四个古村落遥感影像图、土地利用资料以及实地考察结果等,从理想风水模式和景观格局指数两个视角出发,探讨了皖南古村落文化生态景观格局及功能特性,并初步构建皖南古村落风水文化生态复合系统。从古村落文化生态整体格局来看,四个村落均符合传统文化中背山面湖的景观文化生态整体格局,具有共同的盆地景观结构、豁口走廊结构与效应、象形效应、围合尺度效应等结构效应,体现了风水文化的生态节制思想,具有明显的生态效应;景观指数表明四个村落破碎化程度较低,有利于生态环境的循环与转化,整体性和连续性较好,有利于物质、能量、信息等的流动。从古村落文化生态特性上看,村落建设区域所表征的“明堂”是地气聚合之处,表现为指状嵌入体,有机地将古村落与周围环境融为一体;风水林环绕村落,起到聚气作用,受到严格保护,同时,风水林又形成一条生态廊道,加强了村落与周边环境的联系;水系和池塘是“地之血气”,不仅满足了人们日常生产生活需要,还有助于调节局部小气候,增强生态系统的活力与稳定性;水口通常用来弥补风水地的不足,但其同时也起到了良好的连接作用,有利于物质、能量、信息的传输以及物质迁移和繁衍;边界不仅增强了古村落的美感、形成风水文化中“三面环山”的建筑格局,还有助于调节局部小气候;景观指数反映的文化生态空间格局能有效反映其具有的文化生态功能,体现出在风水文化指导下的景观格局具有良好的生态效应,反映了文化与生态之间虽隶属于两个不同系统,但相互影响、相互制约,需要当成一个复合系统来进一步研究。风水文化生态观强调天人合一,与现代景观生态学中的生态理念不谋而合,风水文化与景观生态之间具有一定的相似性和联系性,景观生态学中的斑块—廊道—基质模型与风水中“因形察气”的理念相吻合,都是主张将功能问题结构化。分析古村落风水文化生态复合系统要素构成及运行机理,提出复合系统评价指标的构建,并借助熵理论提出风水文化生态系统统一衡量指标的初步公式构想。以宏村、西递、南溪和南屏为代表的皖南古村落,充分体现了风水文化中“天人合一”的生态理念,同时具有现代景观生态学中良好的生态效应。研究古村落文化生态格局与特征,有助于加强古村落保护与规划,实现人与自然和谐发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Landscape is a compound system interwoven by nature and culture, and culture has a profound impact on landscape. Ancient village landscape is a typical cultural and ecological landscape, which embodies the thought of ancient Chinese residential culture and simple ecological view. Under the guidance of traditional cultural theory, ancient villages in southern Anhui which are built in conformity with nature utilize natural resources reasonably to integrate nature and man’s living environment. As a result, both the ideal landscape that is featured by "integration of man and nature" and good ecological effect are achieved. The article takes Hongcun, Xidi, Nanxi and Nanping as examples,based on four remote sensing images, land use data and field investigation results of four ancient villages in 2014, to discuss the cultural and ecological landscape pattern and functional characteristics of ancient villages and initially construct composite system of Feng shui culture and ecology in southern Anhui, which from two perspectives of the ideal Feng shui model and landscape pattern index.According to the overall cultural ecology pattern of ancient villages, four villages are in line with the overall pattern of cultural and ecological landscape in traditional culture of fronting water and with hills on the back,which has a common characteristics of basin landscape structure, gap corridor structure and effect, shape effect, enclosed-scale effects and so on. It obviously demonstrates that ecological control idea of Feng shui culture as well as ecological effects; Landscape index shows that four villages are with low degree of landscape fragmentation,which is beneficial to the circulation and transformation of the ecological environment. It has a good integrity and continuity and benefit flows of matter,energy, information and other. From the cultural and ecological characteristics of the ancient village, the "Mingtang" characterized by villages construction region is manifested as the "Qi" polymerization place, which shows finger-like embedding and organically integrates the ancient village with the surrounding environment; Feng Shui forests around the village, play a role in "Qi" gathering, and is strictly protected, while Feng Shui forests form an ecological corridor, to strengthen links between village and surrounding area;River and ponds are "blood of the earth", not only meet the resident needs for daily life,but also help to regulate local climate, enhance the vitality and stability of ecological systems. Meanwhile, Water mouth is commonly used to make up for the deficiency of Feng Shui, and play a role in good connection, and transfer in favor of matter, energy,information, material migration and reproduction at the same time; Boundaries not only enhance the beauty of the ancient village and form architectural pattern of "be embraced on three sides by Mountains" in Feng Shui culture,but also help to regulate local climate as well; The cultural and ecological spatial pattern represented by landscape index can effectively reflect its cultural and ecological functions, which shows that the landscape pattern under the guidance of the Feng Shui culture has a good ecological effect. It reflects culture and ecology belong to two different systems, but influencing each other, so they need to be further studied as a composite system. Feng Shui cultural ecology emphasizes integration of man and nature, coincided with the ecological wisdom of modern landscape ecology. Feng Shui culture and landscape ecology has a certain degree of similarity and relevance, patch-corridor- matrix model in landscape ecology coincide with Feng Shui "observing "Qi due to form" philosophy, both advocate transform the functional issue into the structured one. The article analyzes the elements and running mechanism of Feng Shui cultural ecology system, and put forward the evaluation index of the system. Using entropy theory to propose initial formula concept of Feng Shui cultural eco-system.In conclusion, Hongcun, Xidi, Nanxi and Nanping village as the representative of the ancient villages in southern Anhui,fully embodies the ecological concept of "integration of man and nature" in Feng Shui culture. It also has some good ecological effects in the modern landscape ecology. Studying the cultural and ecological pattern and characteristics of ancient village can help to strengthen the conservation and planning of ancient settlements, and fulfill the concept of sustainable and harmonious development between man and nature.更多还原