【作者】 黄俊；

【导师】 刘华；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 近年来,大量新闻报道称,中国化肥施用已经到了极限,要实现农业可持续发展必须合理施用化肥。2014年中央一号文件特别提到农业可持续发展的长效机制,同年年底首次明确提出减少化肥施用,实现化肥施用“零增长”的目标。与此同时,非农就业不断发展,大量劳动力向非农产业转移,农业劳动机会成本上升,为优化生产要素配置、缩小与非农就业的收入差距,农户可能有两个选择:一是增加非农就业,将无暇顾及的闲置土地流转出去;二是提高农业劳动生产率,扩大土地经营面积,形成规模经营。在这种作用路径下,非农就业将带来农户种植规模的改变。那么,随着工业化、城镇化的推进,大量农业劳动力转移到非农就业,会对农户的化肥施用行为产生什么影响?随着非农就业的发展,农户户均土地经营规模是否会扩大?农户土地经营规模变化,是否会显著影响农户的化肥施用行为?非农就业、种植规模和化肥施用之间存在怎样的相互关系?不同种植规模农户、不同非农就业类型农户化肥施用行为的特征有什么差异?这都成为本文关注的重点,也是本研究需要解答的问题。通过对现有文献的查阅、归纳与总结,发现多数关于农户化肥施用行为的研究都将农户看成是同质的,没有明确分析不同类型农户化肥施用行为的差异。本研究从化肥施用行为的直接决策者,农户这一微观层面入手,分析不同非农就业程度、不同种植规模农户化肥施用行为,以期为有征对性地引导不同类型农户合理施用化肥、实现化肥施用“零增长”、改善农村生产生活环境等相关政策的提出与实施提供合理有效的政策启示。本研究的主要内容:明确相关理论基础,并阐述分析框架,对不同类型农户的化肥施用行为进行理论分析,比较不同类型农户因为目标函数的不同,其化肥施用行为的特征;描述性分析农户化肥施用行为、非农就业、种植规模、农户类型变化趋势以及相互之间的关系;运用Translog生产函数和C-D生产函数测算农户化肥施用边际产品价值,比较不同类型农户化肥施用“经济过量”程度;实证检验非农就业与农户化肥施用行为的倒“U”型关系,实证研究不同种植规模、不同非农就业类型农户的化肥施用行为。结果表明,纯农户一般也属于大规模户,其化肥施用显著少于其他类型农户;规模越大的农户越不容易“过量”施用化肥且亩均化肥施用量也呈减少趋势;非农就业与化肥施用存在一定程度上的倒“U”型关系,Ⅱ兼户和非农户的种植规模差异不大,属于小规模户,也是最容易出现化肥施用“经济过量”的农户类型。基于前文的主要研究结论,提出应采取积极有效措施适度扩大农户土地经营规模,以形成规模效应,增加农业收入,缩小农业生产者与非农就业者之间的收入差距;扩宽非农就业渠道,保障非农就业的稳定性,促进非农就业后无暇顾及土地顺利地流转;改善农户化肥施用行为,使生产资料达到最优配置,减少化肥施用的浪费,缓解农业面源污染,改善农村生产生活环境,实现化肥施用“零增长”和农业可持续发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years,a large number of news reports said that China has been excessive chemical fertilizer application,achieving sustainable development of agriculture must be reasonable application of chemical fertilizer.In 2014 the central file no.1 special mention a long-term mechanism for the sustainable development of agriculture,the end of the same year for the first time clearly put forward to reduce fertilizer and achieve the goal of application of fertilizer "zero growth".At the same time,the development of non-agricultural employment,a lot of labor to non-agricultural industries,the opportunity cost of agricultural laboris increasing,farmers may have two choices to optimize allocation of production factors and narrow the income gap of non-agricultural employment:one is to increase non-agricultural employment and attend idle land out of circulation;other is to improve agricultural productivity and expand the area of land management for the formation of scale.In this path of action,non-farm payrolls will bring change of farmers planting scale and the differentiation of farmers.Then,with industrialization and urbanization,under the background of a large number of agricultural labor transfer to non-agricultural employment,what the impact will be on the farmers fertilizer behaviour?With the development of non-agricultural employment,whether it will produce widening the average household land scale of operation?Change of peasant household land management scale,whether it will significantly affect farmers fertilizer behavior?Non-agricultural employment,planting scale and chemical fertilizer application,how the relationship between them?what is the difference of different planting scale farmers and non-agricultural employment type farmers fertilizer behavior characteristics?It has become the key point of this concern,the present study is needed to answer questions.Through the review of the existing literature,summarized,found that most of the study on the behavior of farmers fertilizer application will be considered as homogeneous,there is no clear analysis of different types of farmers fertilizer application behavior differences.This study from the direct chemical fertilizer application behavior of decision-makers and farmers the micro level.Analysis different non-agricultural employment level,different planting scale farmers chemical fertilizer application behavior,in order to sign on to provide reasonable and effective policy implications for guiding the different types of households for the rational use of fertilizer and achieving the goal of application of fertilizer "zero growth",improving rural production and living environment and other related policies proposed and implemented to.The main contents of the study:clear the relevant theoretical basis,and expound the analysis framework,theoretical analysis of chemical fertilizer application behavior on different types of farmers,comparison of different types of farmers under the different objective function,the characteristics of fertilizer application behavior;descriptive analysis of the relationship between farmers fertilizer behavior,non-agricultural employment,planting scale,the type of household trends and the relationship between them;use Translog production function and C-D function of production of chemical fertilizers farmers marginal product value,comparing different types of chemical fertilizers farmers excessive degree;empirical test of non agriculture Employment and farmers fertilizer behavior of the inverted"U" relationship,empirical research on the different fertilizer planting scale,different types of farmers’ non-agricultural employment.The results show that pure farmers generally belong to large-scale users,the fertilizer application significantly less than other types of farmers;larger farmers are less likely to excessive application of fertilizer and chemical fertilizer per mu fertilizer also showed decreasing trend,non-agricultural employment and fertilizer use exist a certain degree of inverted "U",type relationship,Ⅱ households and non households,which belongs to the small scale farmers,is also the most prone to excessive application of fertilizer types of households.The main conclusions are based on the foregoing,we shall take effective measures to put forward a moderate expansion of business scale farmers to land,to the formation of scale,increase agricultural income,narrow the income gap between agricultural producers and the non-farm employment;broaden the channels for non-agricultural employment to protect the stability of the non-agricultural employment,and promote non-farm employment to attend to the smooth transfer of land;improve fertilizer usage behaviors of farmers,achieve the optimal allocation of the production data,reduce the waste of chemical fertilizer to ease agricultural nonpoint source pollution,improve rural production and living environment to achieve the goal of application of fertilizer "zero growth" and sustainable development of agriculture.更多还原