【作者】 张丽；

【导师】 梁国付；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 生态学， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 在黄河下游平原农业景观中,研究影响两栖类生物分布的环境因素对保护生物栖息地和维持两栖类生物有非常关键的作用。研究选取河南省新乡市封丘县为研究区,依据两栖类生存及繁殖的不同生境类型,对池塘中分布的两栖类生物进行调查。在栖息地水平选取的环境变量包括:p H值、浊度(TURB)、总磷(TP)、溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)、池塘内挺水植物盖度(EMER)、池塘内植被盖度(VEGinterior)、池塘边缘植被盖度(VEGedge)、池塘水深(PD)、两栖类幼体捕食者(PRE)。依据两栖动物的迁移和扩散能力的不同,在景观尺度上划分了4个距离阈值:250 m、500 m、1000 m、2000 m,共选取10个景观变量,分别为:斑块密度(PD)、最大斑块指数(LPI)、景观形状指数(LSI)、蔓延度指数(CONTAG)、景观分化指数(DIVISION)、聚集度指数(AI)、香农多样性指数(SHDI)、辛普森多样性指数(SIDI)、香农均匀度指数(SHEI)、辛普森均匀度指数(SIEI)。研究结果表明:(1)研究调查发现的两栖动物包括中华大蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)、黑斑侧褶蛙(Palophylax nigromaculata)、金线侧褶蛙(Palophylax plancyi)、泽陆蛙(Fejervarya limnocharis)和北方狭口蛙(Kaloula borealis)等5种。池塘内植被盖度(VEGinterior)为挺水植物、浮叶植物和沉水植物的盖度总和,池塘边缘植被盖度(VEGedge)是池塘周围缓冲带(约5 m)内陆生植物总盖度,两栖类幼体捕食者(PRE)主要捕食两栖动物的卵及蝌蚪。(2)栖息地水平上的环境因素主要为水质变量、植被变量、池塘形态变量和两栖类幼体捕食者变量四个部分。把不同两栖类生物与两栖类整体相对多度分别与选择的最优栖息地环境变量做相关性分析。结果表明,中华大蟾蜍(B.gargarizans)与浊度(TURB)呈显著相关关系(p=0.01974),黑斑侧褶蛙(P.nigromaculata)、金线侧褶蛙(P.plancyi)与池塘内挺水植被盖度(EMER)存在显著相关关系(p=0.0471,p=0.0369),泽陆蛙(F.limnocharis)与挺水植被(EMER)存在相关关系(p=0.0578)。不同生境类型中影响两栖类生物的环境因素也不一样。在接近自然池塘中,金线侧褶蛙(P.plancyi)与挺水植被盖度(EMER)和池塘内植被盖度(VEGinterior)显著相关(r=0.597,r=0.628),黑斑侧褶蛙(P.nigromaculata)与幼体捕食者(PRE)显著相关(r=0.546)。在农田生境类型中,金线侧褶蛙(P.plancyi)也与池塘内植被盖度(VEGinterior)和挺水植被盖度(EMER)呈显著相关(r=0.764,r=0.719),中华大蟾蜍(B.gargarizans)与池塘水深(PD)呈显著正相关(r=0.786)。在荷花池中,金线侧褶蛙(P.plancyi)与池塘水深(PD)呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.943)。在临近居民点的池塘中,中华大蟾蜍(B.gargarizans)与水质中的浊度(TURB)指标有极显著正相关关系(r=0.852),金线侧褶蛙(P.plancyi)、黑斑侧褶蛙(P.nigromaculata)与幼体捕食者(PRE)存在显著相关关系(r=0.725,r=0.728)。(3)景观水平上:在4个扩散距离下把景观水平上环境因素与两栖类进行相关性分析,研究表明:在250 m扩散能力下,黑斑侧褶蛙(P.nigromaculata)与两栖类整体相对多度与景观形状指数(LSI)存在显著相关(r=0.423,r=0.423);500 m扩散能力下,两栖类整体相对多度与景观形状指数(LSI)存在显著相关关系(r=0.325);在扩散距离为2000 m时,中华大蟾蜍(B.gargarizans)与香农均匀度指数(SHEI)关系显著(r=0.339)。因此,两栖类生物的保护和管理应该在栖息地水平和景观水平上同时进行。栖息地水平上,保护栖息地良好的水文状况、减低水体污染程度,特别是提高池塘内外植物覆盖度以及挺水植物盖度。景观水平上,根据两栖类生物的不同扩散能力,采取不同的措施。如:提高景观中不同斑块类型的聚集度,尤其是池塘斑块间的团聚程度,使优势斑块类型之间能够形成良好的连接度。通过改变栖息地斑块的空间组合,缩短池塘之间的平均距离,降低栖息地池塘之间的隔离程度,降低人类活动的干扰等,或者通过修复措施创建新的生境斑块,保留现有池塘斑块来促进两栖类扩散,促进农业景观中两栖类生物多样性及其栖息地的保护。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the agricultural landscape of the lower reaches of the Yellow River,it is very important to protect the habitat and maintain the amphibians according to study the environmental factors that affecting the distribution of amphibians.In this study,taking Fengqiu County,Xinxiang City,Henan province as the study area,based on the different habitat types of amphibians’ survival and reproduction,we investigated the distribution of amphibians in ponds.The environmental variables of habitat scale include: p H(hydrogen ion concentration),turbidity(TURB),total phosphorus(TP),dissolved oxygen(DO),chemical oxygen demand(COD),emergent coverage(EMER),pond-interior vegetation coverage(VEGinterior),pond-edge vegetation coverage(VEGedge),pond depth(PD),benthic fauna predators(PRE).According to the different migration and dispersal ability of the amphibians,we divide into four distance thresholds on landscape scale: 250 m,500 m,1000 m and 2000 m,and the landscape variables include: patch density(PD),largest patch index(LPI),landscape shape index(LSI),contagion index(CONTAG),landscape division index(DIVISION),aggregation index(AI),Shannon’s Diversity index(SHDI),Simpson’s Diversity Index(SIDI),Shannon’s Evenness Index(SHEI),Simpson’s Evenness index(SIEI).The results show that:(1)The study found that the amphibians including Bufo gargarizans,Palophylax nigromaculata,Palophylax plancyi,Fejervarya limnocharis and Kaloula borealis.Pond-interior vegetation coverage(VEGinterior)is the sum of emergent plants coverage,floating plants coverage and submerged plants coverage,pond-edge vegetation coverage(VEGedge)is the total land coverage of buffer zone around the pond(about 5 m),benthic fauna predators(PRE)mainly prey on the eggs and tadpoles of amphibians.(2)The environmental factors of habitat scale are mainly water quality variables,vegetation variables,pond morphological variables and benthic fauna predators variables.We analyzed the correlation between the relative abundance of different amphibian species and amphibians and the optimal habitat environment variables,and the results show that: B.gargarizans and TURB showed a significant correlation(p=0.01974),P.nigromaculata,P.plancyi and EMER significantly correlated(p=0.0471,p=0.0369),there was a correlation between F.limnocharis and EMER(p=0.0578).The environmental factoral that affecting amphibian species were different in four habitat types.In the semi natural ponds,P.plancyi was significantly correlated with EMER and VEGinterior(r=0.597,r=0.628),P.nigromaculata was significantly associated with PRE(r=0.546).In the farmland habitat types,P.plancyi was significantly correlated with VEGinterior and EMER(r=0.764,r=0.719),B.gargarizans and PD showed a significant positive correlation(r=0.786).In the Lotus Ponds,P.plancyi and PD showed a very significant positive correlation(r=0.943).In the adjacent residential ponds,B.gargarizans and TURB has a very significant positive correlation(r=0.852),there was a significant correlation between P.plancyi,P.nigromaculata and PRE(r=0.725 r=0.728).(3)In the landscape scale: the correlation analysis of landscape scale environmental factors and amphibians under four dispersal distances shows that: under the 250 m dispersal ability,P.nigromaculata,amphibians relative abundance and LSI has significant correlation(r=0.423,r=0.423);under 500 m dispersal ability,amphibians relative abundance and LSI significantly correlated(r=0.325);when the disperal ability is 2000 m,the relationship between B.gargarizans and SHEI was significant(r=0.339).Therefore,the conservation and management of amphibians should be carried out on the habitat scale as well as landscape scale at the same time.At the habitat scale,it can protect the good hydrological condition of the habitat and reduce the water pollution,especially increase the plant coverage in and out of the ponds and the coverage of the emergent plants.On the landscape scale,different measures should taken according to the different dispersal ability of amphibians.In order to form a good connection between dominant patch types,we should increase the degree of aggregation of different patch types in landscape,especially the degree of aggregation between the pond patches.It suggests that in ordertopromote the protection of amphibian biodiversity and habitat in agricultural landscape,what we should do is change the space of habitat patches,short the average distance between ponds,reduce the degree of isolation between the pond habitat and the interference of human activities,or create new habitat through restoration measures,keep the existing pond patches.更多还原