【作者】 李青；

【导师】 徐水生；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 中国哲学， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 张载是宋明理学的先驱者和开创者之一,他在批驳佛老、纠偏汉唐儒学之失的基础上,以气论重新阐释先秦儒家的义理之学,对天人关系问题重新做出了说明。张载对以老子为代表的道家态度是既有批判,又有吸取和改造,人们往往只注意到了前者,而忽视了后者。通过对张载原著的仔细阅读和认真研究,作者认为:张载哲学在很多方面受到了老庄关于气的思想的启发和影响。本文在第一章指出了张载气论思想的来源及气在张载哲学体系中的贯通作用。概括而言,张载哲学思想的来源是六经、四书与释道,他以《易传》与《中庸》为中介将道家思想融入自己的哲学体系之内,对“太虚与气”的探讨更是针对佛老而发。张载哲学是气贯通下的天人合一的思想体系,其思想中的天道观、人性论和境界论都由气的联结而圆融的贯穿起来。在天道观层面,老、庄对万物本原与万物生成的论述在不同程度上影响了张载。“太虚”范畴源自道家,道家以“自然”和“无为”来论虚的理路对张载产生了重要启发和影响,自然之道与道德价值在张载所言的“太虚”上达成调和统一。张载还借鉴老子的“道生万物”说来论述宇宙万物的生成,提出了“太虚即气”和“气兼有无”。在这一生成过程中,庄子以阴阳二气相互作用为万物变化发展的动力,以气之聚散解释万物的生死存亡,这些都对张载的气论思想产生了影响,二人气论思想背后最终关注的都是个体生命的安顿。张载的人性论思想是在气论基础上展开的,其“合两之性”的提出本身便体现出儒道融合的倾向。在继承孟子“性善论”和《中庸》“天命之谓性”思想的基础上,张载也受到了道家“以生论性”传统的影响,提出了“气质之性”。因此,“变化气质”是张载修养论的重点,“变化气质与虚心相表里”。庄子修养论所涉及的关键范畴正是“气”、“虚”、“心”,其“听之以气”和“虚而待物”的思想影响了张载。在境界论上,张载“民胞物与”思想的基础是万物的同气同体,这一思想同庄子“通天下一气”思想的影响是分不开的。庄子以气为天地万物统一的基础,万物禀于道,生于气,张载在此基础上进一步指出,通天下一气,亦通天下一性,尽性的圣人以天地万物为一体。二者虽都认同“万物一体”,但其价值指向却迥异,前者倡导回归自然,而后者主张道德承担。老庄思想之所以能对张载产生影响,是与其作为中国文化中不可分割的一部分、人的生命关怀中不可或缺的一个面向是息息相关的。儒道两家的思想虽然存在着巨大差异,但二者却是不可分割,互为补充的,共同构成中国传统文化的主体部分。更多还原

【Abstract】 As one of the "five scholars of the Northern Song Dynasty",Zhang Zai is the pioneer and founder of Sung-Ming Confucianism,based on the criticism on the Buddhism and the Taoism as well as the correction of Han-Tang philosophy,he used the Qi theory in order to revive the true spirit of Confucius and Mencius and gave a new interpretation about the relation between the heaven and man.Zhang Zai’s attitude towards Buddhism and Taoism is generally criticized,absorbed and transformed,people tend to pay attention to the former but ignore the latter.Through careful reading and studying of Zhang Zai’s original works,the author holds that Zhang Zai’s theory of Qi has been inspired and influenced by the Qi thought of Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu.The first chapter points out the origin of Zhang Zai’s Qi theory and the function of Qi in Zhang Zai’s philosophy system.In summary,the main source of Zhang Zai’s philosophy is six classics,the four books and the Buddhism and Taoism.He use the book of Changes and the doctrine of the mean as the medium in order to absorb Taoism into his own philosophy,the theory about "the void" and Qi was based on the criticism of Buddhism and Taoism.The whole system of Zhang Zai’s thought is the unity of heaven and man based on the Qi theory.Zhang Zai’s thought about "the heaven Tao",human nature and the ideal of life were all linked by the Qi thought.In the view of "heaven-Tao",Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu’s theory about the origin and the creation of all things have influenced Zhang Zai to varying degrees.One of the most important category "the Void" can be originated to the Taoism,based on the new interpretation of "the Void",Zhang Zai combined the "nature" and "moral values".Zhang Zai also absorbed Lao Tzu’s "all of things born from the Tao" to discuss the creation of the universe and refers to "the void is Qi" and "Qi combines being and non-being".In the process of the creation of the universe,Chuang Tzu considered the "Yin Qi" and "Yang Qi" as the vital force of the development and transformation of all of the things;through the condensation and dispersion of Qi,he explained his altitude about the life and death.All of these manifests the enlightening significance of the Qi thought to Zhang Zai.Both of them cared about the ultimate concern behind the theory of Qi,that is the settlement of individual life.Zhang Zai’s theory of human nature is based on the theory of Qi,the proposition of the unity of "physical nature" and "the nature of heaven and earth" reflects the tendency of the integration of Confucianism and Taoism.In succession of the theory of Mencius’s "the goodness of human nature",the thought of "what the heaven confers is the Tao" proposed in the Doctrine of the Mean,Zhang Zai was influenced by Taoism’s though and put forward "the physical nature".So,changing the bad influence of Qi is the key point of Zhang Zai’s self-cultivation theory.The key category involved in Chuang Tzu’s theory of self-cultivation is "Qi","emptiness" and"mind",his thought of "listening to Qi" and "empty and waiting for things"influenced Zhang Zai.The premise of Zhang Zai’s "brotherhood" is all of the creatures including the human can be traced to the the material of Qi,which has inseparable relation with the thought of Chuang Tzu’s "the thing that pervades all the world is Qi".Chuang Tzu regarded Qi as the basis of the unity of all things,all of the things come out from the Tao and born with the Qi,based on the theory,Zhang Zai points out that the thing that pervades all the world is Qi,in addition,things in the world have a common nature from the origin life,the sage can consider all of the things in the world as the whole.Although Chuang Tzu and Zhang Zai both agree with "the oneness of all things",the former advocates the return to nature,while the latter advocates moral commitment.The reason that why the thought of Taoism can have an effect on Zhang Zai is the Taoism’s role as an integral part of Chinese culture and an indispensable part for the care of human life.Though there is a big difference between Confucianism and Taoism,these two schools cannot be separated completely and constitute the subject of traditional Chinese culture together.更多还原