【作者】 王鑫；

【导师】 丁四新；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 中国哲学， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 墨家是战国时期非常重要的思想学派,在当时与儒家并称为“显学”。墨家思想十分丰富,主旨在于“兴天下之利,除天下之害”。墨家非常推崇“义”,“义”观念是理解墨家思想的关键。本文第一章旨在梳理《十论》中“义”观念的内涵、地位,“义”的价值意义,以及“义”与墨学“十论”的关系。《十论》认为,天为宇宙万物之最高主宰,天欲义而恶不义。“义”的根本要求在于要顺应天意。具体而言,“义”有两大核心内涵:一、“利”,利天、利鬼、爱人利人即为“义”;二、“正”,义可匡正人行善去恶。墨家认为,“义”的意义在于行仁义会得到上天之赐福,国家行政治理有序,百姓生活安乐,国家富强,财用充足,百姓暖衣饱食,安宁无忧。此外,根据“义”与墨学“十论”关系的分析,可知:墨家的“十大论题”是围绕“义”的观念进行的展开,义是理解墨学“十论”的关键。第二章旨在探讨《墨经》《墨语》中的“义”观念。《墨经》论“义”的一大贡献在于明确以“利”释“义”,阐发了墨家“义利合一”的“义利观”。此外,《墨经》中,墨家还对“仁内义外”的思想进行了批驳,提出仁即是爱人之心,义即是利人之心,仁与义皆是主观动机,都是内在的,所爱所利是客观对象,都是外在的,即仁与义是不分内外的。《墨语》论“义”虽坚持《十论》的基本立场,但对“义”观念的探讨更为具体、切实。《墨语》将《十论》之“义”具体落实为个人在实际生活中不可动摇的价值、行为标准,自我管理准则,深化了《十论》之“义”的内涵。《墨语》论义的重要意义在于明确把“义”的观念提升到“贵于万事”的至高地位。《墨语》清晰反映了墨者于现实生活中行“义”的艰辛与无奈,抉择与斗争,体现了墨子后学对墨子思想、精神的传承。第三章主要对比、分析儒墨“义”观念的差异。先秦儒家视“仁”为人最高的德性境界,义以仁为核心,是君子所应信守奉行的道德规范。“义”的主要含义是“应当”“适宜”,基本要求在于要尊敬贤人。儒家、墨家都比较推崇仁义,但具体而言,儒家、墨家“义”的观念存有较大区别,主要体现在关于“义”之内涵、地位以及如何行“义”的问题认识的差异。结语部分对《墨子》一书不同篇章中“义”观念的内涵、地位等具体内容进行了总结,分析了“义”观念在墨家前后期的具体变化,并对墨家“义”的观念进行简要的评价。此外,对“天志”“兼爱”“义”“利”谁为墨家思想之核心的问题进行了分析与探讨。更多还原

【Abstract】 Mohist was an important school at the time of the Warring States period,and was known as the "Confucian school".Mohist thought is quite abundant,aims to benefit the world and avoid victim.Mohist especially respected the view of "yi"."yi" is the key to understand the thought of Mohism.The first chapter aims to study on the meaning,the status,the value of "yi" in"Shilun"and discuss the relationship between "yi" and "ten theory".Mohist hold the idea that "tian" is the highest master of the world."tian" would like to see people do kind things and don’t do bad things.From the opinion of Mohist,"yi" is the compliance of "tian".In detail,"yi" has two core connotations:"li" which is "be good to tian,ghost and people","zheng"which is supported by "yi" and let people do good.Mohist believes if people obey the principle of "yi","tian"will do good to people,so that the state governs orderly,the people live in peace,the country becomes rich and powerful,financial resource is abundant,people get warm clothes and be rich who are live in peace without worry.In addition,according to the analysis of "yi" and "Shilun",we can see that the "ten theory "are expessed around the concept of "yi"."yi" is the key to understand the thought of Mohism.The second chapter aims to explore the concept of "yi" in "Mojing" and "Moyu".The great contribution of "Mojing" to "yi" is to clarify the meaning of "yi",which is"li".In "Mojing",Mohist disagree with the idea that "ren" is inside while "yi" is outside.Mohist insist on that both "yi" and "ren" are inside.Moyu discuss the view of"yi" depend on the thought of the Core Chapters.However,compared to the Core Chapters,Moyu discuss the conception of "yi" more specifically and practically.Moyu indentify the conception of "yi" as a norm that the Mohist must comply with.Moreover,Moyu highlight the view of "yi" and its benefits especially,and the status of "yi" has been improved significantly.In addition,the difficulties the Mohist met and the methods that they used when they practice "yi" in real life have been reflected clearly in the Moyu.As a whole,Moyu attach the most importance to the view of "yi"and stress on discussing the view of "yi" from the perspective of real life,which different from the Core Chapters obviously.The third chapter mainly analysis the difference between Confucianism and Mohist on the view of "yi".Pre-Qin Confucianism regards "ren" as the highest moral realm."ren" is more important than "yi",which should be obeyed by people.The main meaning of "yi" is "should","appropriate" and the basic requirement is to respect the sage.Confucianism and Mohism both respect "yi".However,in particular,the concept of "yi" in Confucianism and Mohisth has big difference,mainly reflected in t the connotation,status and how to practice "yi".The epilogue part makes conclude of the connotation and status of the view of"yi" in different chapters of Mozi and analyses the specific changes of the concept of"yi" in the early and late Mohist,and comments the view of "yi" in Mohist briefly.In addition,the author analyzes and discusses the problem that "tianzhi","jianai","yi"and "li" which is the core concept of Mohist thought.更多还原