雅典社会男子气概研究

【作者】 杨凡；

【导师】 裔昭印；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 世界古代中世纪史， 2017， 硕士

【副题名】以柏拉图的(?)νδρεíα一词为中心展开的话语分析

【摘要】 Aνδρεια一词是古典时期用来表示男子气概的常用术语,字面意思为“像男人一样”,引申义为“男子气概”,狭义上指代“男人的勇气”或“勇敢”。该词最早出现在公元前五世纪中期,早期的古典作家笔下并不常见,且多用来表示与男性生理特征或与男性身体暴力有关的过度的男子气概。公元前5世纪末至4世纪初该词大量出现,并具备了正面的内涵,多用以表示男性在保卫城邦的军事斗争中所体现的勇敢品质。在柏拉图的哲学对话中,ανδρεια 一词被大量论述,包括《拉凯斯篇》、《普罗泰戈拉篇》、《克拉底鲁篇》、《会饮篇》、《理想国》、《政治家篇》以及《法律篇》等,这些作品横跨柏拉图创作的各个阶段,ανδρεια 在柏拉图的修辞中被定义为“美德”,并且柏拉图多次强调这种与其他美德不同,ανδρεια 在哲学对话中体现着男子气概术语的矛盾性。本文从男子气概的视角结合话语分析的理论对柏拉图修辞中的ανδρεια 一词展开讨论。全文分为三章,第一章对柏拉图之前的古典作家笔下的ανδρεια 一词进行梳理,并交代公元前5世纪末至4世纪初男子气概术语内涵转变的社会背景。第二章分析了柏拉图如何在对话中对ανδρεια 进行定义与重新建构,ανδρεια 被纳入“美德”的范畴,该词已不同于早期古典作家笔下男子气概的术语内涵;同时柏拉图将ανδρεια 与“激情”(θυμοζ)进行区分,二者具有完全不同的社会性别内涵,雅典社会对于男子气概与大男子主义在术语上有着完全不同的界定。第三章重点分析了ανδρεια 话语建构背后的权力与等级的实质,柏拉图如何对传统的军事型男子气概进行贬抑,对不同政体下的男子气概进行不同的修辞表达,以及柏拉图如何将妇女、儿童、蛮族人、奴隶排斥在ανδρεια 的范畴之外,从而进行社会性别的建构。概而言之,柏拉图对话中ανδρεια 的话语演变,反映了公元前5世纪末至4世纪初,雅典社会男性精英在民主政体混乱的情况下,通过男子气概话语的建构回到话语秩序的中心,并重新确立雅典社会男性身份的过程。更多还原

【Abstract】 Aνδρεια is a common term in the classical period describing masculinity,literally meaning "acting like a man" with the extended meaning as "masculinity",referring to "the man’s courage" or "bravery" in a narrow sense.First appearing in the middle of the 5th century BC,this term wasn’t common in the works of the early classical writers,and at that time was often used to indicate excessive masculinity that was associated with masculine physical characteristics and physical violence.Then from the late 5th century BC to the early 4th century BC,the term ανδρεια frequently appeared and was equipped with a positive connotation,representing the quality of male bravery in the military struggles for safe guarding their polis.Aνδρεια was widely used in the works across all the phases of Plato’s creation,including in Laches,Protagoras,Cratylus,Symposion,The Republic,The Statesman and The Laws,,etc.ανδρεια in Plato’s rhetoric was defined as virtue,and it also embodied the contradiction of this term.This thesis gives a discussion on ανδρεια in Plato’s rhetoric from the perspective of masculinity combined with the theory of discourse analysis.It can be divided into three chapters.Chapter One is a literature review on ανδρεια in the works of the classical writers before Plato and introduces about the social background in the late 5th century BC to the early 4th century BC when the connotation of ανδρεια was transformed.The second chapter centers on the philosophy construction of ανδρεια in the Plato’s philosophy dialogues,discussing how Plato defined and reconstructedανδρεια in the dialogues,and finding that through bringing ανδρεια into the category of "virtue" and establishing connections between ανδρεια and other virtues as well as making a distinction between "ανδρεια" and "θυμοζ",Plato endowed ανδρεια with new connotations in the discourse and thus reformed the term.Chapter Three analyzes the essence of power and hierarchy behind the discourse construction of ανδρεια,demonstrating how Plato utilized the new discourse connotation of ανδρεια to depreciate traditional military masculinity and through describing masculinity under different regimes,Plato constructed the social gender which excluded women,children,barbarians and slaves from the category of ανδρεια.In conclusion,Plato’s rhetoric expression of ανδρεια reflects that the male elites in Athens between the late 5th century BC and the early 4th century BC attempted to reestablish their male identity in a chaotic democratic regime through constructing the discourse of αvδρεiαto return to the center of the discourse order.更多还原