【作者】 王丽；

【导师】 王东；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 试验于2014-2015和2015-2016年在山东省肥城市边院镇南仇村大田(35.99°N,116.88°E)进行。选用三个不同类型的冬小麦品种,分别为中穗旱地品种山农25、中穗水浇地品种山农29和大穗水浇地品种山农23。三品种均按其最适栽培密度种植,分别为150、225和225×104 plants hm-2。设置W0为全生育期不灌水处理,W1为拔节期补灌处理,W2为拔节期和开花期补灌处理,W3为播种+拔节期补灌处理,W4为播种+拔节+开花期补灌处理。各补灌处理每次灌水前测定土壤含水量,补灌目标设定为0~20cm土层土壤相对含水量达到100%。根据灌水定额公式计算所需补灌水量。1补灌次数和时期对不同品种麦田土壤水分含量的影响拔节期补灌后,W1和W3处理0~60 cm土层土壤相对含水量显著提高。开花期补灌后,W2和W4处理0~60 cm土层土壤相对含水量显著提高,W2与W4处理之间无显著差异。年际间比较,2015-2016年播前土壤贮水量和自小麦返青至开花期间的降水量均较低,每次灌水前的土壤含水量亦较低,每次补灌水量均较高,但补灌后灌溉水下渗的深度则较2014-2015年浅,表明依据本文的方法实施补充灌溉可显著提高0~60 cm土层土壤含水量,且不会导致过多的灌溉水渗出主要根层。2补灌时期对不同小麦品种耗水特性的影响2014-2015年度,各品种表现基本一致。W2、W3和W4处理的全生育期总耗水量无显著差异,均显著高于W0处理。山农23和山农25小麦的W1处理与W0处理无显著差异,山农29小麦的W1处理显著高于W0处理。随着补灌次数的增加,各品种小麦对60 cm以下土层土壤贮水的消耗量降低。2015-2016年度,随补灌次数的增加,各品种小麦全生育总耗水量均呈增加趋势,山农23和山农25对60~200 cm土层土壤贮水的消耗量降低。与W0处理相比,山农29的W1和W2处理对土壤贮水的消耗量降低。而W3与W1相比,W4与W2相比,山农29对土壤贮水的消耗量均增加。上述结果说明,不同品种的耗水量对补灌时期和次数的反应存在年际间的差异,这与两年度播种期底墒的不同有关,第一年度底墒高(0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量为325.8 mm),第二年度底墒低(0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量为248.9 mm)。在两种底墒条件下,生育期灌水均会减少旱地品种山农25对深层土壤水的吸收利用;补灌两次及以上减少山农23对土壤水的消耗;拔节后灌水减少山农29对土壤水的消耗量;而在底墒较低的条件下补灌播种水反而有利于山农29小麦对土壤贮水的吸收利用。同时说明在播种期底墒较差的条件下,山农25对土壤贮水的攫取能力优于山农29。3补灌时期对不同小麦品种根系形态特征和垂直分布的影响开花期,各补灌处理与w0处理相比显著提高三个小麦品种0~40cm土层的根长密度和根表面积密度,但显著降低山农25在40~100cm土层的根长密度和根表面积密度。w1处理与w0和w3处理相比,山农23在40~100cm土层和山农29在0~100cm土层的根长密度和根表面积密度均显著增加。成熟期,各补灌处理较w0处理有利于山农23在0~20cm土层根长密度和根表面积密度的增加,山农23在40~100cm土层和山农29在0~100cm土层的根长密度和根表面积密度均显著降低。w2和w4处理与其余处理相比,山农25在0~40cm土层的根长密度和根表面积密度均较高,而60~100cm土层根长密度和根表面积密度均较低。表明开花期前补灌均有利于三个小麦品种0~40cm土层的根系生长,仅于拔节期补灌一水有利于山农23和山农29在40~100cm土层根系的生长,但各补灌处理均导致山农23和山农29开花后40~100cm或0~100cm土层根系减少。开花期补灌则显著延缓山农25上部土层(0~40cm)根系的衰亡。4补灌时期对不同小麦品种光合同化及干物质积累与分配的影响补灌与w0处理相比显著提高三个小麦品种灌浆中期的叶面积指数,与w1和w3处理相比,增灌播种水进一步提高山农29在2015-2016年度的叶面积指数。山农23和山农25的旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率和ΦpsⅡ在年际间表现基本一致。山农23各补灌处理均显著高于w0处理;2015-2016年度,w2和w4处理开花后30d的净光合速率和ΦpsⅡ均显著高于w1和w3处理。山农25的w1和w3处理与w0处理相比,ΦpsⅡ显著提高,但净光合速率和蒸腾速率无显著差异。w2和w4处理的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和ΦpsⅡ较w1和w3处理有进一步的提高。山农29在两年间的表现不一致。2014-2015年度,山农29的旗叶净光合速率在补灌处理之间无显著差异,但旗叶蒸腾速率和ΦpsⅡ在开花后30d表现为各补灌处理显著高于w0;2015-2016年度,山农29开花后的旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率和ΦpsⅡ均表现为随补灌次数的增加而增加。山农23和山农25成熟期干物质积累量及其在籽粒中的分配量年际间表现一致。山农23的各补灌处理之间无显著差异,均显著高于w0处理。山农25的各补灌处理均显著高于w0处理,w2和w4处理显著高于w1和w3处理。山农29在两年间表现不一致。2014-2015年度,山农29的各补灌处理成熟期干物质积累量无显著差异;2015-2016年度,山农29成熟期干物质积累量则随补灌次数的增加而增加。5补灌时期对不同小麦品种氮素积累与分配的影响山农23和山农25成熟期氮素积累量、籽粒中的氮素含量及营养器官的氮素转移量在年际间的表现基本一致。山农23的各补灌处理显著高于w0处理,w2、w3和w4处理之间无显著差异。山农25成熟期氮素积累量和籽粒中的氮素含量均随补灌次数的增加而增加,w0、w1和w3处理营养器官氮素对籽粒的贡献率无显著差异,显著高于w2和w4处理。山农29两年间表现不一致。2014-2015年度,山农29的各补灌处理之间无显著差异;2015-2016年度,山农29的氮素积累量和籽粒中的氮素含量均随补灌次数的增加而增加。6补灌时期对不同小麦品种籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响山农23和山农25的籽粒产量年际间表现一致。山农23的各水分处理之间比较,w0处理的籽粒产量显著低于其余处理,各补灌处理之间无显著差异,w1处理的水分利用效率最高,显著高于w4处理。山农25的各水分处理之间比较,w1和w3处理的籽粒产量显著高于w0处理,但显著低于w2和w4处理。w0、w1和w3处理的水分利用效率均低于w2和w4处理。补灌时期和水量对山农29籽粒产量和水分利用效率的调节受各生育时期土壤含水量的影响,在土壤含水量较高的年份(2014-2015),山农29各补灌处理的籽粒产量无显著差异,但补灌处理较w0处理显著降低山农29的水分利用效率;在土壤含水量较低的年份(2015-2016),山农29的籽粒产量随补灌次数的增加呈增加趋势,各补灌处理的水分利用效率无显著差异,但显著高于w0处理。7补灌时期对不同小麦品种籽粒品质的影响2015-2016年度,各补灌处理对不同小麦品种籽粒淀粉品质的调节作用一致。同一品种的不同水分处理之间比较,各补灌处理比w0处理显著提高了直链淀粉含量,降低了支/直链淀粉比例和籽粒淀粉的峰值粘度、低谷粘度和最终粘度,在w1处理的基础上增灌开花水(w2处理),直链淀粉含量进一步提高,支/直链淀粉比例、籽粒淀粉的峰值粘度、低谷粘度和最终粘度进一步降低,导致面条加工品质变劣。与拔节期和开花期补灌相比,增灌播种水(W3、W4处理),籽粒淀粉的峰值粘度、低谷粘度和最终粘度均显著提高,面条加工品质的变劣程度有所减轻。综上所述,拔节期补灌提高山农23花后光合同化能力和干物质积累量,籽粒产量和水分利用效率较高。在拔节期和开花期各补灌一次,山农25光合同化能力较强,取得较高的籽粒产量和水分利用效率。山农29对各时期补灌的反应与0-20 cm土层土壤含水量关系密切。在播种、拔节、开花期土壤含水量均大于60%的条件下,补灌时期和次数对其产量无显著影响,过多灌水导致水分利用效率降低。在播种、拔节和开花期土壤含水量低于50%的条件下,及时补灌可显著增加产量,提高水分利用效率。更多还原

【Abstract】 The experiment was carried out from 2014 to 2015 and 2015 to 2016 in the Nanqiuvillage,Feicheng,Shandong Province(35.99°N,116.88°E).The experiment was conducted with cultivars of Shannong 23(SN 23),shannong 25(SN 25)and shannong 29(SN 29),with the suitable planting density in 150、225 and 225 ×104hm-2respectively.Five irrigation treatments were designed:W0 with no irigation during the whole growth stage,W1 with supplemental irrigation(SI)at jointing,W2 with SI at jointing and anthesis,W3 with SI at sowing and jointing and W4 with SI at sowing,jointing and anthesis.The target relative soil water content after SI was 100% of field capacity in 0-20 cm soil layer in all SI treatments.The amount of SI(the crop irrigation requirement)was calculated using the equation1 Effects of supplemental irrigation period on soil water content of different wheat cultivarsThe soil relative water content in 0~60 cm soil layers of W1 and W3 treatments was increased after SI at jointing.The soil relative water content in the 0~60 cm soil layers of W2 and W4 treatments was increased,and there was no significant difference between W2 and W4 treatments after SI at anthesis stage.Although the amount of SI in 2015-2016 was higher which caused by the lower soil pandage,precipitation from revival to anthesis and soil water content before irrigation comparing with those in 2014-2015,the depth of infiltration after SI was shallow.Show that SI as the method in this paper increased soil water content in 0~60 cm soil layers,holding the irrigation water in the main root zone.2 Effects of supplement irrigation period on water consumption characteristics of different wheat cultivarsThe performance of different cultivars was consistent in 2014-2015.Compared with W0 treatment,W2,W3 and W4 treatments which had no significant difference increased total water consumption of all wheat growth stage.W1 of SN 23 and SN 25 had no significant difference with W0,and W1 of SN 29 was higher than W0.The soil water consumption under60 cm soil layer decreased with increasing of SI times.In 2015-2016,with increasing of SI times,the total water consumption of all wheat growth stage was a trend of rise and the soil water consumption of 60~200 cm soil layers of SN 23 and SN 25 was a fall trend.Compared with W0 treatment,W1 and W2 decreased soil water consumption of SN 29.And W2 and W4 treatments increased soil water consumption of SN 29 compared with W1 and W3 treatments.The results above show that there was a different reaction of different cultivars to different years which was related to soil moisture conditions at planting as the higher in first year(325.8 mm for soil pandage in 0~100 cm soil layer)and the lower in second year(248.9 mm for soil pandage in 0~100 cm soil layer).Under both the two soil moisture conditions at planting,irrigation decreased soil water uptake in deep soil layers of SN 25,irrigation more than once decreased soil water uptake in deep soil layers of SN 23,and irrigation after jointing also decreased soil water consumption of SN 29.But under a low moisture conditions at planting,SI at sowing increased the soil water consumption of SN 29.Also indicate SN 25 have a stronger ability to capture soil water consumption than SN 29.3 Effects of supplement irrigation period on vertical distribution of root of different wheat cultivarsAt anthesis,compared with W0 treatments,SI increased the root length dentisty and root surface area dentisty in 0~40 cm soil layers of all the wheat cultivars,decreased the root length dentisty and root surface area dentisty in 40~100 cm soil layers of SN 25.Compared with W0 and W3 treatments,W1 increased the root length dentisty and root surface area dentisty in 40~100 cm soil layers of SN 23 and in 0~100 cm soil layers of SN 29.At maturity,Compared with W0 treatment,the root length dentisty and root surface area dentisty of SI treatments in 0~20 cm of SN 23 were increased,but those in 40~100 cm soil layers of SN 23 and in 0~100 cm soil layers of SN 29 were decreased.Compared with W0,W1 and W3 treatments,W2 and W4 led to a higher root length dentisty and root surface area dentisty of SN 25 in 0~40 cm soil layers and a lower root length dentisty and root surface area dentisty of SN 25 in 60~100 cm soil layers.Show that SI before anthesis promote the growth of root in 0~40 cm layers of all the wheat cultivars.Irrigate once at jointing before anthesis promote the growth of root in 40~100 cm layers of SN 23 and SN 29,but all the SI treatments decreased roots in 40~60 and 0~60 cm soil layers of SN 23 and SN 29 after anthesis.SI at anthesis is conducive to delay the root senescence in 0~40 cm of SN 25.4 Effects of supplement irrigation period on photosynthetic metabolism and dry matter accumulation and distribution of different wheat cultivarsCompared with W0 treatments,SI increased leaf area index(LAI)at the middle of grain filling stage of all the three wheat cultivars.Compared with W1 and W3 treatments,add SI at sowing increased LAI of SN 29 in 2015-2016 further.The photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and ΦPSⅡ of SN 23 and SN 25 were consistant in two years.Compared with W0,all the SI treatments of SN 23 were higher.Compared with W1 and W2 treatments,W2 and W4 increased the photosynthetic rate and ΦPSⅡ at 30 d after anthesis in 2015-2016.There was no significant difference of photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of SN 25 between W0,W1 and W2 treatments.But compared with W0 treatment,W1 and W3 increased ΦPSⅡ of SN 25.Compared with W1 treatment,the photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and ΦPSⅡ of SN 25 in W2 and W4 treatments were improved signigicantly.The performance of SN 29 was different in two years.in 2014-2015,SI could not affect photosynthetic rate of SN 29,but increased the transpiration rate and ΦPSⅡ at 30 d after anthesis.In 2015-2016,the photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and ΦPSⅡ of flag leaves after anthesis increased with the increasing of SI times.The dry matter accumulation and distribution to grain at maritury of SN 23 and SN 25 were consistant in two years.Compared with W0 treatment,SI increased the amount of dry matter accumulation and distribution to grain at maritury of SN 23 and SN 25 and there was no significant different in SI treatments of SN 23.Compared with W1 and W3 treatments,W2 and W4 of SN 25 were higher.The performance of SN 29 was different in two years.SI could not affect the amount of dry matter accumulation of SN 29 in 2014-2015.But in 2015-2016,the amount of dry matter accumulation of SN 29 was increased with the increasing of SI times.5 Effects of supplement irrigation period on nitrogen accumulation and distribution of different wheat cultivarsThe amount of nitrogen accumulation,grain nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen translocation amount from vegetative organs of SN 23 and SN 25 were consistant in two years.Compared with W0 treatment,SI were higher and there was no significant difference in W1、W2 and W3 treatments of SN 23.The amount of nitrogen accumulation and grain nitrogen accumulation of SN 25 was increased with the increasing of SI times.Compared with W0、W1 and W3 treatments,the contribution of nitrogen translocation amount from vegetative organs to grain in W2 and W4 were lower.The performance of SN 29 was different in two years.SI could not affect SN 29 in 2014-2015.But in 2015-2016,the amount of nitrogen accumulation and grain nitrogen accumulation of SN 29 was increased with the increasing of SI times.6 Effects of supplement irrigation period on grain yield and water use efficiency of different wheat cultivarsThe grain yield and water use efficiency of SN 23 and SN 25 were consistant in two years.Comparing the grain yield and water use efficiency of SN 23 in different SI treatments,the grain yield of W0 was significant lower than other treatments,W1,W2,W3 and W4 treatments had no significant difference.But W1 has the highest water use effiency which was significant higher than W4.Comparing the grain yield and water use efficiency of SN 25 in different SI treatments,the grain yield of W1 and W3 was significant higher than W0,but lower than W2 and W4.Effects of period and amount of SI on the grain yield of SN 29 were related to soil water content at each growrh stage.SI could not affect the grain yield of SN 29 in a moist year(2014-2015).But in a dry year(2015-2016),the grain yield of SN 29 was increased with the increasing of SI times,but there was no no significant difference of water use efficiency in W1,W2,W3 and W4 treatments which was higher than W0.7 Effects of the rate of supplemental irrigation period on Starch quality of different wheat cultivarsIn 2015-2016,SI treatments on the regulation of starch quality of different wheat cultivars are common.Compared the starch quality of the same cultivar in different SI treatments,W1 increased amylose content,and decreased the ratio between amylose and amylopectin content,peak viscosity,hold trough and final viscosity of W0.The treatment of adding SI at sowing to SI at jointing(W2 treatment),increased the amylose content and dereased the ratio between amylose and amylopectin content,peak viscosity,hold trough and final viscosity and deteriorate noodle quality.The treatment of adding SI at sowing to SI at jointing and anthesis(W4 treatment)increased the peak viscosity,hold trough and final viscosity was signicantly and improved the noodle quality.In conclusion,SI at jointing,more conducive to a high photosynthetic capability and dry matter accumulation of SN 23,led to higher grain yield and water use efficiency.SI at jointing and anthesis,more conducive to a high photosynthetic capability of SN 25,led to higher grain yield and water use efficiency.The reaction of SN 29 to SI at each period was closely related to soil water content in 0~20 cm soil layers.In a condition with higher than 60% of soil water content at sowing,jointing and anthesis,SI could not affect the grain yield of SN 29,overfull irrigation reduced water use efficiency.In a condition with higher than 60% of soil water content at sowing,jointing and anthesis,SI in time increased the grain yield and water use efficiency of SN 29.更多还原