宋代平民养老研究三题

【作者】 徐强；

【导师】 孔祥军；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 中国史， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 老年人,是社会中的弱势群体,理应受到全社会的扶助和照顾。在古代社会,广大平民老人得以安享晚年,不仅体现了国家政治清明、社会稳定,亦符合儒家思想中的“王道”政治。因此,历代统治者均重视老人的养老问题。两宋时期,政府沿袭优待老人的传统:一方面,给予老人官衔、爵位,并邀请他们参与各类典礼,借以提高老人的社会地位;另一方面,赐予老人钱币、茶帛,免除差役,减轻他们的经济负担。此外,在法律上也给予老人一定的优待和保护。这些措施都彰显了政府对老人养老问题的重视。在现实生活中,多数老人和子女晚辈同居一处,居家养老;还有部分老人依靠大家庭养老。在民间,一些宗族内设置了义庄,对同宗老人进行救济。此外,政府也出台一系列措施,以确保老人老有所养,如侍丁制度、留养制度等。对于那些无家可归的老人,则由政府开办的救助机构收留和救助,如福田院、居养院、养济院等。但是,依靠政府的力量显然不能解决所有无家可归者的养老问题。为此,政府大力提倡孝道、表彰孝亲,并给予家有老人的家庭一定的政治、经济优待,借以在社会上形成敬老、养老的风气,促使每个家庭都能孝养老人。宋政府出台诸多政策,保障老人的晚年生活,这对家庭的稳定、社会的和谐都有积极的意义。这些政策有些得到落实,有些却流于形式,这也是值得注意的地方。更多还原

【Abstract】 Throughout the history of all times,the old people,vulnerable groups in society,are supposed to be taken good care of In ancient times,the elderly could enjoy the rest of life peacefully,which not only reflected the fairness of politics and the stability of society,but also matched Confucianism of the Doctrine of Kingcraft.Therefore,the rulers took the issues of supporting the old seriously.During the Song period,the government followed the tradition of preferential treatment for the elderly.On the one hand,official titles were conferred on the elderly.They were also invited to attend various ceremonies so as to improve their social position.On the other hand,the government not only gave them coins,tea,silk and so on,but also reduced their economical burdens by exempting from taxes and labor.In addition,the laws gave advantages and protection for the elderly.In a word,the measures indicate that the government pay attention to the old-age problems.In fact,most of the old people lived with their descendants,and a part of them were supported by a big family.In folk,some clans had the Free estates,which could support the elderly of the same clan to a certain extent.In addition,to ensure the aged with support,the government promulgated series of policies such as Shi Ding system,Keeping adopted system and so on.Besides,the government set up the aid institutions to take in and aid the homeless aged,for example,Futain,Ju Yang institution,Charitable institution.However,only depending on the government couldn’t work out all problems.So the government advocated and praised filial piety.There were some political and economic benefits for families with elderly people.The measures aimed to form the atmosphere of respecting and supporting the aged,which could promote every family to take good care of their elders.Song dynasty came up with so many policies to guarantee the life of the elderly,which was beneficial to family stability and social harmony.It is worth noting that some policies were carried out while others became a mere of formality.更多还原