【作者】 方正；

【导师】 李雪平；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 国际法， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 随着北极海冰的加速融化,各个国家对北极利益的争夺愈发激烈。其争夺的利益主要在于北极地区丰富的自然资源与重要的商业价值、战略价值。而北极不同于南极的地方在于,北极圈内存在着八个国家的领土,这也决定了北极地区拥有自己的特殊性:北极八国势必不遗余力地维护甚至扩大自己在北极地区的主权与主权权利从而拒绝他国分享或削弱自己的相关权益。亦是如此,北极地区在现实上难以达成与《南极条约》相类似的专门性国际条约来一揽子解决北极的法律问题。但国际争端并不会因为北极国际法的缺失而停止,从汉斯岛领土之争,到大陆架界限之争,再到公海开发、航道权属之争,世界各个国家利用国际法律的掩盖下积极开展北极资源的利益争夺战,愈演愈烈,《公约》成为了当时一部囊括所有海洋事项的"海洋宪章",其普遍适用性为当前北极争端提供了可以更好地解决北极问题的平台。其中,不仅北极八国依照《公约》主张自己排他的主权及主权权利,其他地理不利国家也纷纷通过《公约》来主张其在北极地区应有的权利和利益,由此加重了北极地缘政治关系的复杂性。鉴于现有的北极多边法律文件以及环北极国家行使主权的实践,在"人类共同继承"原则下,亟需澄清环北极国家在《公约》下的权利义务,进而协调好它们与地理不利国家之间的关系。中国作为"近北极国家"与"北极利益攸关者",秉持着国际合作与和平开发北极的策略。如何更好地利用《公约》"人类共同继承财产原则"来主张自己的北极权益,如何利用政治外交途径来增加自己在北极地区的话语权,是中国北极战略选择的当务之急。本文共有六个部分,其中四个部分为正文,这四部分对题目展开了详细的论述。第二部分介绍北极地区的地理特征及其丰富的战略价值,同时也是研究的研究背景。随后阐述北极地区的基本法律问题,包括扇形原则、先占原则及北极地区所存在的国际法律文本等,最后落脚《联合国海洋法公约》的出台,并衔接下一部分对《公约》展开详细的论述。第三部分首先阐述北极地区不同于南极地区的特殊性,从而通过论证否定"南极条约"等其他解决北极问题的路径。随后通过阐述《公约》的普遍适用性,与其他国际条约的兼容性来论证《公约》应成为处理北极事务的核心法律依据。第四部分在《公约》核心地位的基础上,阐述环北极国家及地理不利国家依据《公约》所主张的各项权利,随后作者从《公约》具体规定出发,对这些主张的正当性与合理性进行研究。着重分析了环北极国家权益与地理不利国家权益间的关系,着重论述了二者此消彼长的关系。第五部分结合《公约》的规定,回归中国这一发展中国家与非北极国家的最典型代表,在借鉴其他国家成功经验的同时,结合中国特殊国情,总结中国未来北极战略的路径选择。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years,the battle in Arctic among states all over the world has become even more violent.Behind states competing in Arctic,there are significant value of resources,transportation and military.Different from Antarctica,the existence of eight circum-arctic states determined the particularity of the arctic issues:circum-arctic states will spare no effort to maintain and even expand their sovereignty and sovereign rights in arctic and prevent them from being shared or weakened.Therefore,the arctic region has also failed to form any international treaty similar to "Antarctica Treaty" so as to clarify the legal status of Arctic.But international disputes will never stop because of the lack of the international law.From the territorial dispute of Hans Island to the dispute of delimitation of continental shelf,and to the dispute of development in high seas and channel ownership,Each state has competing for Arctic in existing international legal framework." United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea "(the UNCLOS)in 1982,as an "ocean charter" containing all marine affairs,its universal applicability provided a platform for solve disputes in arctic.Under the convention,not only surround-Arctic states claim their exclusive sovereignty and sovereign rights,but also geographically disadvantaged states claim their due rights according to the UNCLOS,thus increased the complexity of the Arctic geopolitical relations.In view of the existing multilateral legal documents of the arctic and the practice of national sovereignty in Arctic,under the principle of "common heritage of mankind",there is a need to clarify the surround-Arctic states’ rights and obligations under the UNCLOS,and the relationship between them and the geographical disadvantage states,.China as a "Near-Arctic" state,adopting a strategy of "international cooperation and peaceful development".How to make better use of the principle of" common heritage of mankind " under UNCLOS to claim rights and interests in Arctic,and how to use political diplomatic channels to increase his voice in Arctic affairs,have become a priority when China make strategic choices in Arctic.The thesis is divided into six sections.The other four sections will discuss the topic except the first section "Introduction" and the last section "Conclusion".The second section will introduce the geographical features and rich strategic value of Arctic,which is the background of the studies.Then elaborate the basic legal issues of Arctic,including sector principle,preempt principle and international legal texts in Arctic.At last,demonstrate through empirical method that the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(the UNCLOS)has became the current main legal basis of arctic issues.The third section will first elaborate that Arctic is particular and different from Antarctic,thus deny the possibility of applying the mode of "Antarctic Treaty" to deal with arctic issues.Then elaborate the universal applicability of the UNCLOS,the the compatibility with other international treaties to demonstrate the UNCLOS should become the core legal basis in the arctic affairs.The fourth section will be based on the key role of the UNCLOS,firstly introduce the various rights claimed by circum-arctic states and geographically disadvantaged states.Then according to the specific provisions of the UNCLOS,the author will analyze the legitimacy and rationality of these claims,focus on rights and interests of circum-arctic states and geographically disadvantage states,especially their shifting relationship.The fifth part will be based on the regulations of the UNCLOS and return to China,which is the most representative of developing countries and non-arctic countries,then borrowing ideas from other states and considering China’s national conditions,summarizes the route choice of China’s future arctic strategy.更多还原