【作者】 董宇；

【导师】 于莹；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 法律硕士（专业学位）， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 特殊体质受害人侵权案件,英美法系也称“蛋壳脑袋规则”案件,这一类型案件因受害人存在特殊体质,导致所产生的损害超出一般损害的范围,进而体现出其特殊性和复杂性。比较法上此类案件的赔偿原则相对来说比较一致,即侵权人应当对受害人的损害承担全部赔偿责任,不得以受害人自身存在特殊体质作为抗辩事由,进而减轻赔偿责任。而我国在司法实践中,对待此类侵权案件的审理思路并不统一,由于对此类案件不存在对应的法律规范,导致司法实践中没有明确的法律法规作为指引,同一类案件不同法院判决上不尽一致,甚至同一法院判决结果也不相同。特殊体质受害人赔偿案件中侵权责任如何承担,因受当事人的主观过错程度大小、原因力强弱、可预见性规则等影响,理论界在这类案件责任承担方面存在分歧。鉴于以上事实,对特殊体质受害人侵权案件中,侵权人对特殊体质受害人的损害是否应当承担责任以及在什么责任范围内承担责任,具有非常重要的研究意义。在我国司法实践中,关于在审理特殊体质受害人侵权损害赔偿案件的做法,可分为以下几种观点:第一种就是受害人的特殊体质对于损害的扩大并不属于侵权人减轻责任的法定理由,侵权人应就损害承担全部赔偿责任;第二种就是原因力理论的适用,受害人的特殊体质对于损害的扩大具有一定的原因力,侵权人仅在自身行为原因力造成的损害特殊体质受害人侵权案件范围承担赔偿责任;第三种就是侵权人造成特殊体质损害的,主观上没有过错或者过失,行为人的行为和损害后果之间的距离过于遥远,侵权人不承担赔偿责任。我国司法实践中此类案件大多数适用原因力理论进行责任分摊,即第二种理论,呈现柔性的判决结果,走的是中庸道路。在理论界主要借鉴国外“蛋壳脑袋规则”的观点进行研究和探讨,“蛋壳脑袋规则”能否移植国内进行适用,观点不尽一致,毕竟国情不同,适用环境就有所不同。特殊体质受害人的损害赔偿因为特殊体质介入使此类案件的因果关系更加复杂,加之侵权案件类型多样化,侵权人主观过错等因素,一刀切的做法不能公平合理的解决赔偿问题。“蛋壳脑袋规则”和“原因力规则”在适用上都存在一定的局限性,全有或者全无的方式都过于僵化,不能完全的解决特殊体质受害人侵权赔偿问题。本文根据侵权人的行为与受害人的损害结合程度,将此类案件划分为两类:一是特殊体质损害的直接结合,侵权人的侵权行为直接作用于特殊体质受害人的特殊部位进而造成的损害;二是特殊体质损害的间接结合,侵权人的侵权行为引起特殊体质受害人原有疾病的诱发,体现为由第一性的损害导致的伴生性损害。在此分类的基础上,再综合考虑侵权人的主观过错形态、损害预防的效率和损害可预见性等相关因素,进行分析和价值判断,并对此进行类型化分析确立赔偿原则。更多还原

【Abstract】 Special physical damage cases,Anglo-American law system is also called "shell head" cases,this type case as the victim is a special body,cause the damage is beyond the scope of the general damage which reflects its particularity.Comparison method on the practice of relatively consistent,that is,the infringer shall bear full liability for the damage of the victim and special physical fitness as a defense in the victim’s own existence,and thus reduce the liability for compensation,and in the judicial practice in our country,with the trial of cases of infringement of such ideas are not unified,as a result of such cases there is no corresponding legal norms,in judicial practice,there is no clear law as the guidance,the same cases in different court decisions are consistent,and even the same court verdict is not the same.Special constitution tort liability how to play the victim compensation cases,due to the subjective fault degree and reason of the parties force strength and predictability rules,the theoretical circle in these cases responsibility differences.In view of the above facts,the special physical victim infringement cases,the infringer of special physical fitness whether the victim’s damage should bear the responsibility and what responsibility within the scope of responsibility,have the need to study and legislation.Judicial practice in our country,on the practice of special physical fitness the victim tort damages cases,can be divided into the following point of view,the first is the victim of special physical fitness for expanding does not belong to the infringer to reduce the damage liability legal reasons,the infringer shall bear full liability to pay compensation;The theory of the second kind is the power of reason,the victim’s special physical fitness for expanding the damage have a certain reason,the infringer only on their actions cause to the damage caused by the special constitution scope of infringement cases shall bear the liability for compensation for victims;The third kind is the special physical damage caused by the infringer,subjective minimal degree of fault or negligence,the distance between the actor’s behavior and damage consequence is too far away,the infringer does not assume liability to pay compensation.Such cases in the judicial practice in our country most applicable reason force theory of Shared responsibility,namely the second theory,presents the flexible of the verdict,the doctrine of the mean of the road.In theory the main draw lessons from foreign rule of "the shell head" point of view to study and explore,"eggshell head rule" applies whether transplantation of domestic,have different opinions about,after all,different national conditions,applicable environment is different,in addition,the "eggshell head" rules of its own theoretical basis will be fair and reasonable to solve the Special physical Damage is also questionable.Special physical damages because of the special physical intervention to further complicate causality in such cases,combined with the cases of infringement type diversification,the infringer subjective factors such as fault,one size fits all compensation is not reasonable to solve the problem,"eggshell head rule" and "rules" cause there are some limitations on apply,all-or-nothing manner were too rigid,not completely solve the problem of special physical fitness the victim tort compensation,in some special cases and not fair and reasonable share the responsibility.In this paper,according to the behavior of the combine with the victim’s damage degree,could be divided into two classes of such cases,one is special in combination with the direct physical damage,can also be called real special constitution of infringement,the infringer of the victims of the infringement act directly on the special physical fitness of special parts and cause damage;The other is the indirect combination of special physical damage,can also be called not really special constitution of infringement,the infringer tort cause special constitution of the victims of the original disease cause,embodied in "caused by primary damage associated with organic damage".On the basis of classification,and then to comprehensively consider the subjective fault of infringer morphology,damage prevention factors related to the efficiency and damage of predictability,analysis and value judgment,and typed on a standard build.更多还原