【作者】 李芳芳；

【导师】 秦天宝；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 国际法学， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 气候变化背景下的北极海冰加速融化,鱼类循北而上,加之北冰洋具有适合捕鱼的地形条件,未来北冰洋公海有可能成为新渔场。一方面,北极地区因凸显的资源优势而成为国际社会的关注重点,但是由于治理机制的缺失导致在北极地区的争端频发;另一方面,全球渔业资源处于充分甚至过度开发的紧张状态,北冰洋公海作为地球上最后一块尚未被开发的潜在渔场,必须做到管理先于开发。北冰洋公海的地理属性和北极鱼类的特点,使的相关国家必须进行国际合作才能有效的实现北冰洋公海渔业的管理。首先,笔者从北冰洋公海渔业现状的现实需要和预防人类共同财产发生公地悲剧两个角度对构建北冰洋公海渔业管理国际合作制度的必要性进行了分析。脆弱的北冰洋生态系统需要保护,北冰洋公海周边渔区都曾面临渔业生态危机,构建国际合作制度有利于缓和世界各国在北极地区的矛盾。而且构建国际合作制度是为了保护作为人类共同财产的公海渔业资源,避免公地悲剧重演和破解集体行动困境的途径。其次,渔业管理国际合作制度的构建已具有一定的法律基础和组织基础,相关国家和国际组织有进行国际合作的意愿,南极海域渔业管理实践也可以提供十分有益的经验借鉴,笔者从这四个方面梳理了构建国际合作制度的可行性。再次,文章分析了现有国际制度的不足和深层次原因。一是法律基础不充分,现有国际公约和文件缺乏针对性,目前尚无专门适用于北冰洋公海的区域渔业协定。二是组织基础不完善,联合国粮农组织、东北大西洋委员会和北极理事会均不适合作为北冰洋公海渔业的管理机构。导致这些不足的深层次原因在于北极的地理环境特殊性,北冰洋公海渔业前景不明和北极复杂的地缘政治给构建国际合作制度带来了很大的挑战。最后,针对上述不足,笔者提出构建渔业管理国际合作制度的如下建议:一是国际合作方向是制定一项专门针对北冰洋公海的国际渔业协定。二是国际合作需要确立预警原则、基于生态系统渔业管理理念和互不抵触原则。三是国际合作的内容主要集中在技术方面,将获取的科学研究信息共享和探索传统知识与现代科学技术的结合。四是国际合作的执行机构是设立成员方大会。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the context of climate change,the Arctic sea ice is accelerating to melt,the fish go northward,and the Arctic Ocean has suitable terrain conditions for fishing,in the future the High Sea of the Arctic Ocean may become a new fishing ground.On the one hand,the Arctic region has become the focus of attention of the international community because of the prominent resource advantages.However,due to the lack of governance mechanism,the dispute in the Arctic region is frequent.On the other hand,the global fishery resources are in full or even over-developed tensions.The High Sea of the Arctic Ocean,as the last piece of fishing land on the earth has not yet been developed,must be managed before the development.Geographical properties of the High Sea of the Arctic Ocean and the migratory characteristics of Arctic fish make the relevant countries must cooperate in international to effectively realize the management of the Central Arctic Ocean.First of all,this paper analyzes the necessity of constructing the international cooperation system of the highland fishery management of the Arctic Ocean from the perspectives of the actual needs of the status quo of the high sea fishery of the Arctic Ocean and the prevention of common tragedies of human common property.The fragile Arctic Ocean ecosystem needs to be protected,and the surrounding fishing areas of the Arctic Ocean are facing fisheries ecological crisis.Building an international cooperation system is conducive to easing the contradictions among the countries in the Arctic.And the construction of an international cooperation system is to protect the fishing resources as a common human property,to avoid the commune of the commons and to break the plight of collective action.Secondly,the fishery management international cooperation system has a certain legal basis and organizational basis,the relevant countries and international organizations have the will to carry out international cooperation,the Antarctic waters fisheries management practice can also provide a very useful experience,the author analyzes the feasibility of constructing the international cooperation from the above four aspects.Thirdly,the article analyzes the shortcomings of the existing international system and deep-seated reasons.First,the legal basis is not sufficient,the existing international conventions and documents are not targeted,there is no special application for the Arctic Ocean High Sea regional fisheries agreement.Second,the organizational basis is not perfect,the United Nations Food and AgricultureOrganization,the Northeast Atlantic Commission and the Arctic Council are not suitable for the Arctic Ocean High Sea fisheries management agencies.The deep-seated causes of the shortcomings lie in the particularity of the Arctic’s geographical environment,the unclear prospects for the Arctic Ocean,and the complex geopolitics of the Arctic to bring great challenges to the construction of an international cooperation system.Finally,in view of the above shortcomings,the author proposes to construct the International cooperation system of fishery management as follows:First,the international cooperation direction is to develop an international fishery agreement specifically for the High Sea of the Arctic Ocean.Second,International cooperation requires the principle of Precautionary Principle,Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management and the Principle of non-conflict as a guiding principle and philosophy.Third,the content of international cooperation is mainly concentrated in the technical aspects,sharing of scientific research information and exploring the combination of traditional knowledge and modern science and technology.Fourth,the International cooperation of the organization is to set up a member of the General Assembly.更多还原