【作者】 李真；

【导师】 李森；

【作者基本信息】 北京交通大学 ， 安全科学与工程， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 地铁系统整体位于地下,属于人口密度较大的公共聚集场所,对于疏散和救援都有一定的难度,倘若有事故发生,极易造成较大的人员伤亡。在地铁灾害事故中火灾最多,原因是火灾燃烧产生的烟气等有毒气体不仅阻碍人们的视线,而且燃烧的高温和浓烟将给人们造成较大的心理恐慌。做好人员疏散可以大量减少伤亡,减小事故后果的严重性。因此,对于地铁火灾疏散问题的研究必不可少,而且能为事故发生后人员的疏散提供理论基础。因为从火灾开始到火势蔓延至无法逃生需要一段时间,如果能够在这段时间内完成人员疏散,那么就能保证人员的生命安全,减小事故后果的严重程度。本篇论文就是基于上述原因,以北京市某双层岛式地铁站为研究对象,运用数值模拟法进行火灾模拟和基于火灾的人员疏散模拟,分析火灾模式下地铁系统中的温度场和烟气场以及能见度的分布,研究火灾蔓延规律,定量分析火灾后地铁站到达危险状态的时间,并针对该地铁站内的人员特征,分析计算出基于火灾的人员疏散时间。比较疏散时间与危险临界时间,判断该地铁站是否满足疏散要求,并就模拟结果提出相关建议。论文主要的研究结论是确定了建立地铁站物理模型的参数,并用Pyrosim软件建立北京某地铁站的物理模型;确定建立地铁站火灾模拟模型的参数,包括火灾的类型、火源的位置、热释放速率、模拟时间、探测器(疏散影响因素包括烟层高度、烟气温度、能见度)的位置等,并用FDS软件建立地铁站的地铁列车火灾模拟模型以及地铁站台火灾模拟模型,针对火灾随时间的发展情况进行相关的分析,从而得出两种火灾的发展过程以及计算可用疏散时间tASET;确定建立基于火灾的地铁站疏散模拟模型的参数,包括疏散人数、人员的疏散速度、疏散起始位置、疏散出口、疏散时间等,并用EVACNET软件建立基于两种火灾的地铁站疏散模拟模型,分析计算必须疏散时间tRSET,比较两个疏散时间,判断该地铁站不能完成安全疏散的位置并分析原因以及提出相关疏散建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 The overall subway system is lower than the ground,with poor ventilation,slow cooling,low visibility and so on features,and it belongs to the public gathering places with a larger population density,which has a certain degree of difficulty for the evacuation and rescue.Because of its large volume,high speed,small pollution and little noise advantages,subway is favored by people,and it has played a crucial role to ease the congestion of ground traffic.With more and more people take the subway,accompanied by the incident is that the consequences become more serious once the subway accident occur.And if there is an accident,it easily leads to greater casualties.The fire is the most in the subway accidents.The reasons are that subway fire is difficult to prevent,because of its relatively strong sudden,and subway station belongs to underground construction,with the complex building structure,relatively closed space,relatively limited imports and exports,and a dense,greater fluidity,chaotic structure staff,which easily leads to a large number of casualties.Seats,corridors and billboards,etc.of the subway station,are flammable or combustible materials,which help the fire burm,and fire burning gas and other toxic gases not only hinder people’s attention,but also the high temperature and smoke of combustion will cause a greater psychological panic,which easily lead to malignant events of the death of the group,and secondary accident.Do a good evacuation can greatly reduce casualties and the severity of the consequences of the accident.Therefore,the study of the subway fire and evacuation is indispensable and helpful to provide a theoretical basis for the evacuation of personnel after the accident occurring.Because from the fire began to spread to it can not let people escape,in the middle there are some time,if it can be completed during this period of personnel evacuation,then it can ensure the safety of life,reduce the severity of the consequences of the accident.This paper is based on the above reasons,taking a double-layer island subway station in Beijing as the research object,through observation and measurement,using Pyrosim software to build subway station model,and set fire type,fire source location,observation points and so on.The FDS software was used to establish the fire simulation model to simulate the fire occurrence process.The available evacuation time was determined by observing the flue gas spreading rate,smoke layer height,flue gas temperature and visibility of each observation point.Then the safe evacuation time required to complete the evacuation was simulated by EVACNET.Compared the available evacuation time to the safe evacuation time,to determine whether the evacuation of personnel can complete before reaching the fire hazard critical point.Analyze the reasons of the position can not complete the evacuation and make recommendations.更多还原