魏晋南北朝志怪小说中的宗教世俗化倾向

【作者】 刘伟；

【导师】 王连儒；

【作者基本信息】 聊城大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 志怪小说在魏晋南北朝出现盛况,不仅数量众多,而且涌现出了一大批优秀作品。究其原因,除了中国本信巫鬼的传统外,宗教是诱发志怪走向创作高峰的一个重要因素。关于宗教对志怪小说的影响,前人多有论述。宗教总是面向世俗社会的,随着宗教在魏晋南北朝愈来愈广泛的流播,与世俗社会不断交融,带有愈加明显的世俗化的倾向性,这些在魏晋南北朝志怪小说中都有明显体现,这正是本论文所要探讨的内容。论文分为三个部分:第一部分主要阐述的是志怪小说宗教世俗化的体现。不管道教还是佛教之所以会走向世俗化,都是为了向世人宣教、发扬本教。具体来看,两者的世俗化又有不同,与自身的教理教义密切相关。道教尚仙,因而志怪小说中的仙窟描写、炼丹升仙、消灾祛病等故事都表现出“扬仙”目的;佛教崇佛,因而志怪小说中的佛家法力、因果报应、地狱轮回等故事统统呈现出“宣佛”意旨。除了宗教教义本身表现出世俗化倾向外,志怪小说中一些历史、传说、民俗故事等等也往往从宗教角度进行解读,宗教意识已渗入其中。第二部分主要阐述的是志怪小说宗教世俗化出现的原因。首先便是统治者的宗教扶植和下层人民的宗教寄托。动荡不安的魏晋南北朝,宗教的传播并非畅通无阻,这就亟需统治者的大力倡导提供先决条件。对于统治者而言,宗教可以涤荡民众精神,控制百姓意识,能够辅以治国,双方不谋而合,就为宗教在世俗社会的广泛流播铺平了道路。兵燹蜂起,经济凋敝的时代使得民众倍感乏力,他们只能以宗教作为精神寄托,自我安慰,有了大量的群众基础,宗教势必愈加贴合大众,愈加世俗化。其次,不管是僧人、道士混迹于世俗社会,还是王侯贵族、文人主动结交僧道,都使得宗教与世俗愈加密切。此外,传统儒家文化也是不容忽视的一个重要原因,入世儒学主张走向社会,辅佐君王,这对道教、佛教而言产生了深远的影响。第三部分阐述的是志怪小说宗教世俗化的艺术手法。尽管不如后世唐传奇、白话小说那样艺术手法多种多样,但魏晋南北朝志怪小说并非单纯记录故事,相当一部分作品已经表现出较为成熟的艺术手法。若是在志怪中一味宣扬宗教教义未免枯燥,撰写事实与虚构相结合的情节,塑造世俗与宗教参半的人物形象都能使读者更容易接受教义。此外,修史、补史是魏晋六朝的一个热门,士人视之为一项大业,因此“史风”甚盛,本就长期依附于史书存在的志怪小说也不免受其影响。当然,志怪小说作者也在有意无意地参照史传模式,以证志怪中宗教故事的真实性,在世俗社会中赢得更多的信众。更多还原

【Abstract】 The mystery novels were popular in the Wei Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties with quite a number of outstanding productions. Not only the tradition that Chinese people believe in witchcraft and ghost contributes this, but also religion is another important factor guiding the mystery novels to develop. There has been many treatise studding on the impacts of the religion on mystery novels. On the basis that the religion is always facing the secular society, as the religion had been becoming more and more widely in Wei Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties and constantly mingling with the secular society, it was obviously manifested that the mystery novels were prone to secular. That’s what to demonstrate in my graduation thesis. This thesis is divided into three parts:The first part testifies the performance of secularization of the religion. The reason why both Taoism and Buddhism became secularly was that they aimed to propagate and promote themselves for people. More specifically, there is a difference between them as they have the different doctrines. Taoism worships immortals, so the stories of cavern-describing, elixir-refining and disaster-eliminating had shown an aim of praising immortals. Buddhism worships Buddha, so the stories about Buddhist power, karma and inferno had shown an aim of praising Buddha. In addition to doctrines, some historic stories, legends and folkways also show religious secularization. The religious consciousness has permeated these novels.The second part analyzes the reason why the religion became secularly in mystery novels. First, dominators supported the religion and the ruled adore it. The Wei Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties were unstable so the religion was faced with many difficulties as it spread. As a consequence, they need dominators’ support. The religion could control the people’s consciousness and govern the nation for dominators; both sides coincide with each other, which paved the way for religion spreading. People felt tired for the war and the depressed economy; they had to put religion as spiritual sustenance. With this mass base, the religion would be more secularly. Second, no matter whether Taoist and Buddhist lived in secular society or the nobility and literati made friends with them, all that made the connection between religion and earthliness closer. Moreover, traditional Confucianism is another factor. Confucianism proposes that people should move step towards the society and assist dominators; this idea has a profound impact on Taoism and Buddhism.The third part expounds the artistic expression of religious secularization in mystery novels. Although not as good as Tangchuanqi and novels of the Ming, Qing Dynasties, mystery novels in Wei Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties are not being noted simply. A plenty of them has shown a mature technique. It seemed too boring if authors introduced the doctrines only. So that the doctrines showed in the mystery novels with making up plots which contain reality and fiction and shaping the secularly and religiously mixed characters could be more easily accepted by the readers. Furthermore, amending historical books was a popular work at Wei Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties and literati consider it is important. Therefore, the mystery novels which depend on historical books were influenced by this phenomenon. Certainly, the authors also imitated historical books to prove the facticity of religious stories so that religion can gain more believers.更多还原