【作者】 赵刚；

【导师】 李炎锋；

【作者基本信息】 北京工业大学 ， 土木工程， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 随着我国轨道交通系统的不断发展,地铁成为了越来越多市民选择出行的主要手段。截止至2015年,北京地铁已开通线路17条,运营总里程达到552公里,是世界最大的城市轨道交通系统之一。同时,由于线路交错,地铁换乘站的数量也急剧增加,达到了53个。地铁换乘站是行人换乘线路的重要设施,也是人员高度密集、火灾隐患较大的公共场所,其建筑内部结构复杂,同时具有大量电气设备,一旦发生火灾危害,行人逃生困难较大,很有可能造成大量人员伤亡和重大财产损失。因此,地铁换乘站火灾中的人员疏散就成了防灾减灾、保证人员生命安全的重中之重。我国《地铁设计规范》将疏散时间定义为将乘客及站台候车人员全部撤离站台所需要的时间,但由于地铁换乘站往往具有多层共享空间,烟气极易扩散至其他站台或站厅,因此其人员疏散行为不能只停留在将乘客撤离站台,而是应将人员疏散至站厅出口或地面。因此,研究复杂地铁站的人员疏散时间模型具有重大意义。本文选取了北京地铁典型的十字换乘、L型换乘、通道换乘和具有高大楼梯的换乘站进行行人流特性实验,分别在站台、通道、上行楼梯、下行楼梯和闸机等站内行人聚集的关键区域,观测、统计和分析行人流的通过人数、行走速度、人员密度、行为选择以及行走速度与人员密度的关系。同时通过比较和分析中国、美国和日本现行地铁规范对疏散时间计算方法的规定,在我国疏散时间计算的基础上加以改进,建立更为合理、准确的地铁疏散时间计算模型。最后,通过计算机数值模拟软件建立地铁站模型,进行不同火灾场景的疏散模拟,验证计算模型的准确性。本文研究的主要内容包括:(1)对北京地铁典型的复杂换乘站进行热烟实验,观测其烟气的扩散规律,确定人员疏散的安全区域位置;(2)针对中国、美国、日本地铁设计规范中的疏散时间计算方法进行比较和分析;(3)选取北京地铁典型的十字换乘、L型换乘、通道换乘和具有高大楼梯的换乘站进行行人流特性实验;(4)处理数据,在我国规范基础上建立合理的疏散时间计算模型;(5)运用模拟软件验证计算模型的准确性更多还原

【Abstract】 Following the continuous development of railway system, the metro has become the most common used traffic manner for civilians. Up to 17 metro lanes have been under operation by 2015 in Beijing with a total distance of 552 kilometers, which characterize one of the largest urban railway systems in the world. Consequently, due to numerous intersections in the system, the number of transfer station has increased drastically and reached 53 at this moment. In terms of a significant lane transfer facility, the transfer station is inevitably considered as a high dense and fire exposed space. In case of fire, the structural complexity and a large number of electronic equipment in the station will in return to impede the personnel evacuation, as well as cause massive damages and losses. For this reason, more attentions and considerations are paid to the evacuation in case of fire. According to the national standard “CFDOM”, the evacuation time is defined as the total time for all the personnel onboard or on the platform to be completely evacuated. However the transfer station is often equipped with multi-storey public spaces, which facilitates the diffusion of smoke to the platform or the hall. Therefore, the personnel are necessarily to be kept from the platform, meanwhile evacuated to the exit or to the ground. Thus, it is significantly important to study the time model of the personnel during the evacuation.This paper has chosen typical transfer station and those with massive staircases to study the characteristics of personnel flow. Critical zones such as the platform, the passage, upgoing and downgoing staircases and toll gate were observed, counted and analyzed with regarding to the number of people, walking speed, density, behavioral choice and the correlation between walking speed and personnel density. Methodologies in computing evacuation time among Chinese, American and Japanese standards were thoroughly compared, in order to optimize a more accurate and logical computation model for evacuation time using the Chinese standard. At last, the accuracy of the current model was verified according to various simulations and their corresponding numerical models.更多还原