【作者】 罗睿；

【导师】 何腾兵；

【作者基本信息】 贵州大学 ， 土地资源管理， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 耕地资源作为农业生产最基本的生产要素,也是人类生存和发展的物质基础,其数量与质量的变化对人类发展的作用不容忽视。随着科学技术的发展以及粮食问题的出现,人类对耕地保护的研究从重数量轻质量转为质量与数量并重。耕地的质量不仅受到自然环境的影响,在很大程度上与人类活动也息息相关。多年实践证明,通过对农田特别是基本农田整治,加强农田基础设施建设,能有效改善农业生产条件,提高耕地生产能力,降低农业生产成本;也可以有效改善传统的耕地利用格局,扩大经营规模,促进农业增效和农民增收。为摸清土地整治项目对耕地质量的具体影响、真实客观地反映土地整治前后耕地质量水平变化,探索适合贵州省土地整治项目实施前后耕地质量综合评价的方法,为耕地分等定级和耕地“占补平衡”提供重要的事实依据,本文直接从耕地质量评价角度切入,分别从耕地质量和立地条件两个方面阐述了基于LESA体系进行耕地质量评价的评价方法。在借鉴美国LESA(Land Evaluation and Site Assessment)的思想上,利用数学方法,运用于土地整治前后耕地质量评价中,分别建立整治前和整治后耕地质量与立地条件评价的综合评价模型。为确保评价的完整性与精准性,以贵州省黄平县、绥阳县、织金县、六枝特区、独山县的5个典型的省级土地整治项目为研究对象进行了实证分析,并对评价结果展开了具体分析:利用数学方法构建了LESA评价模型,详细介绍了评价单元划分、指标体系构建以及评价模型的建立过程,通过研究区土地利用现状调查、土壤普查、实地调研等资料获取对区域耕地质量产生影响的相关因素状况,通过ArcGIS等技术手段对区域耕地质量影响因素进行了分析,构建了评价指标体系,确定了9种耕地质量影响因素以及5种立地条件影响因素来进行耕地综合质量模型评价,并以提高区域耕地生产能力为目的,最终确定了本文研究区整治前后的耕地质量综合评价模型为LESA=0.3?LE+0.7?SA。利用LESA耕地综合质量评价模型,对研究区耕地质量分值进行计算,最终确定各个项目区耕地综合质量的空间分布情况,并对其分布进行了统计分析。由耕地综合质量评价的LESA分值计算结果可知,整治前后耕地质量产生了较大的变化。土地整治后,由于土地平整工程、道路系统工程以及灌排系统工程的实施,改善了包括水利设施、地形条件、土壤理化性质及交通等在内的影响耕地质量的限制性因素,使耕地质量有较明显的提高。整治前大于80分的优等地的面积为0hm2,整治后直接增加到481.51hm2,占整治后耕地总面积的15.19%,其中绥阳县项目区增加了289.35hm2,六枝特区项目区增加了200.16hm2。整治后中等地分布规律与整治前大致相同,仍有大部分中等地分布在山地丘陵地区内,但整治后中等地分布更加集中、连片性更好;低于60分的较差耕地面积有了较大幅度的减少,由整治前的38.58%减少到了20%,其中,168.1hm2为新增耕地。整治前部分中等地由于经过深耕深翻、田坎归并、田间灌排设施等工程的实施使得整治区各指标均有一定程度的改善,有的则是区域地形坡度较小;如绥阳县和独山县项目区,其自身条件较好,经济较发达,道路网较完善,但大部分中等地甚至低等地能够提升质量等级的主要原因是有效土层厚度得到显著增加及道路通达度明显提高。通过基于LESA体系的耕地质量评价结果及分析可知,土地整治工程对于提升耕地质量有着显著且较直接的作用,对于有效土层厚度、表层土壤质地等方面有较明显的改善作用,且对于部分提升较大分值的耕地则主要表现为有效土层厚度、地形坡度、道路通达度及灌排条件等指标的显著改善,由此可见,在对耕地进行整治时,为实现整治效益的最大化,可针对不同耕地侧重釆用不同的工程措施,不仅可以使得耕地质量显著提升,还能够降低整治工程成本。由于土地整治在很大程度上改善了耕地质量,使得土地整治项目区的产能也能得到增加。本文根据详细的评价过程和合理的综合质量评价结果,体现了LESA体系在评价土地整治项目耕地质量上的可行性和科学性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Cultivated land resource is the material basis of human survival and development as the most basic factors of production, the effect of the quantity and quality change on human development should not be ignored. With the development of science and technology and the emergence of the food problem, the research of cultivated land protection by human turned from quantity focusing into equal emphasis on quality and quantity. The quality of cultivated land is not only affected by the natural environment, to a great extent, is also closely related to human activities.Years of practice has proved that by the consolidation of farmland, especially basic farmland, strengthening the construction of infrastructure of farmland, can effectively improve conditions for agricultural production, improve the production capacity of cultivated land, reduce agricultural production cost. Moreover, it also can improve the traditional land use pattern effectively, expand the scale of operation, promote agricultural efficiency and farmers’ income.In order to ascertain the specific impact on arable land quality made by land consolidation project,reflect the real changes of cultivated land quality level before and after the consolidation project, explore the method of cultivated land quality comprehensive evaluation which is suitable for Guizhou province before and after the consolidation project, and to provide land classification and grading of arable land "demand-supply" equilibrium with important factual basis. This paper views from the point of cultivated land quality evaluation directly, respectively from two aspects of cultivated land quality and site conditions are expounded based on the LESA system for the evaluation of cultivated land quality method. In reference to the idea of LESA(Land Evaluation and Site Assessment) system, using mathematical methods which is applied to cultivated land quality evaluation before and after the consolidation, then respectively set up comprehensive evaluation model of land evaluation and site assessment before and after the land consolidation. For the sake of ensuring the integrity and the precision of the evaluation results, taking Huangping county, Suiyang county, Zhijin county, Liuzhi special zone and Dushan county, five typical provincial programs as research objects to make an empirical analysis of the land reclamation project: using the mathematical method to build the LESA evaluation model. Evaluation unit division, the construction ofthe index system and the process of evaluation model establishment was introduced in detail. Through the data of the present land use situation investigation in the study area, soil survey, field research etc, the related factors that affect the condition of regional cultivated land quality are acquired, through technical means, such as ArcGIS for regional cultivated land quality influence factors are analyzed, and constructs the evaluation index system, determine the influencing factors of 9 kinds of cultivated land quality and 5kinds of site conditions influencing factors for the cultivated land comprehensive quality evaluation model,and to improve the regional cultivated land production capacity for the purpose, finally determine the cultivated land quality comprehensive evaluation model before and after the consolidation of the study area in this paper for : LESA = 0.3?LE + 0.7?SA.Using LESA cultivated land comprehensive quality evaluation model to calculate the score of land quality in the studied area, finally determine the project area on the spatial distribution of the cultivated land comprehensive quality, and its distribution are analyzed in statistics. By the result of cultivated land comprehensive quality evaluation of LESA score calculation, the cultivated land quality produced bigger change before and after the consolidation. After land reclamation, because of the implement of land levelling project, road system engineering and irrigation and drainage systems engineering, the restrictive factors on the quality of the cultivated land is obviously improved including water conservancy facilities,terrain conditions, physical and chemical properties of soil, and transportation. The land area of first-class more than 80 points before the consolidation is 0hm2, after consolidation the area increases to 481.51hm2 directly, accounting for 15.19% of the arable land after remediation, which carries Suiyang increased289.35hm2, Liuzhi project area increased by 200.16hm2. After consolidation medium-class land distribution is roughly the same with the area before the consolidation, still have most of the distribution of medium in mountainous hilly region, but after the renovation medium-class land distribution become more concentrated and more continuous. The area of worse cultivated land below 60 points has significantly reduced, down to 20% from 38.58% before the consolidation, 168.1hm2 as new farmland. Each index were improved to a certain extent in the consolidation region in the result of deepening the commune, merging field edge, field irrigation and drainage facilities and other projects which is implemented. Some small regional terrain slope area, such as Suiyang and Dushan project area, its condition is better off, the economy is more developed, the road network is perfect, but the main reason that most of the medium landeven low land can improve the quality level is the effective soil layer thickness was obviously increased and the degree of road accessibility has improved significantly.The results and analysis of cultivated land quality evaluation reveal that land reclamation engineering make direct effect on improving the quality of cultivated land, and has obvious impact on effective soil layer thickness, surface soil texture, and for part of the larger score increased cultivated land is mainly for effective soil layer thickness, the terrain slope, road access, and the indices such as irrigation and drainage conditions improved significantly, thus it can be seen, during the consolidation of arable land, to realize maximize the benefit of regulation, can be taken different engineering measures on different arable land,not only can make the cultivated land quality increased significantly, but also can reduce the engineering cost. Due to the quality of cultivated land, to a great extent, was improved by land consolidation, making the capability in land reclamation region increased. In this paper, according to the detailed evaluation process and reasonable comprehensive quality evaluation result, embodies the feasibility and scientificity of LESA system improvement project in the evaluation of farmland quality.更多还原