《尚书平议》训诂研究

【作者】 吴萍；

【导师】 钱宗武；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 清代著名的朴学大师俞樾,一生谨遵高邮王氏父子的治学路径,致力于群经诸子及其传注文献的训诂,博闻强识,探幽索微,常发人所未发,见解超群,名满天下,世称“道咸之冠”。俞樾著述丰赡,代表作为《群经平议》,是研究清代经学和小学的经典著作,为后代学者所重。《尚书》是中国政史之祖,语言“佶屈聱牙”、古奥难懂,历代对其解释的训诂类著作层出不穷,《群经平议》中的四卷《尚书平议》也是其中一部,然而却是学术界研究的盲区。《尚书平议》以求实的精神,思辨的态度,选择性地对《尚书》进行平议,总计180个训释条目。体例基本统一,先引梅氏传或姚氏传,然后评价传语,再以“按语”的形式提出俞樾本人的观点。“按语”旁征博引,评议得失,是其所是,非其所非,呈现其独特的训诂思想。分析其经学思想,俞樾同于乾嘉主流学术,认同前汉文古,后盾古文今,对孔传多有批评,批评条目多达总条目的百分之八十。《尚书平议》至今尚无点校本。本文以《春在堂》本《尚书平议》为工作底本,第一步工作先标点校勘全文,然后从多个角度穷尽性地分析文本,以求尽可能全面研究俞樾《尚书评议》的训诂。全文共分为五个部分：绪论主要介绍俞樾生平与学术以及《尚书平议》的研究概况,进而简论《尚书平议》训诂研究的意义。第一章《尚书平议》训诂内容。具体分为六小节,第一节辨字,分通假字、古今字、异体字、正俗字四种类型分类详析《尚书平议》中的同义异形现象,揭示了《尚书》的用字习惯。第二节主要分析词的结构形式,分别讨论了单音节助词、重言词和连文。第三节阐述了句法的省略形式,且都为蒙后省略。第四节评析俞樾从文法和语义角度断句的训诂实践。第五节校勘文字,分别列出了误文、脱文、衍文和倒文四种类型展开评议。第六节主要讨论《尚书评议》涉及的修辞和典章制度。第二章《尚书平议》训诂术语。第一节为辨字术语,第二节为注音术语,第三节释义术语,通过对术语的系统分析,可见,俞樾采用术语以继承传统为主,但是也显现出个人的一些特点。第三章《尚书平议》训诂方法。主要分为六种：以形索义、因声求义、故训觅义、对文推义、复语明义、随文释义。其中使用最为广泛的是故训觅义,其次是因声求义。第四章《尚书平议》训诂成就和不足。全书训诂训诂特色总结为四点：第一释字为重,重视通假；第二旁征博引,言必有；第三反对增字,解经严谨；第四大胆质疑,勇于创新。这也对后世产生了深远的影响,也不免存在一定的不足。本文通过对《尚书平议》的训诂进行全面系统的分析研究和严密论证,彰显了俞樾在乾嘉时期的小学地位,肯定了《尚书平议》对于研究《尚书》的重要作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Yu Yue, master of Chinese exegetics in Qing Dynasty, followed Wang Niansun and Wang Yinzhi’s research path and devoted all his lifetime to explaining the words of Chinese classics------thoughts of various scholars and their exponents. Possessing encyclopedic knowledge and exploring the intangible, he was the most famous scholar during the reign of emperor Daoguagn and Xianfeng because his academic point of view was eminent above the masses. Among a number of books Yu Yue wrote and edited, Qun Jing Ping Yi is his representative work which is one of the classics in Chinese exegetical study and is admired by researchers in later generation.Shang Shu, the fundamental book of Chinese polities nd history, is written in obscure language. Therefore, countless exegetical works and interpretations of it appeared in successive dynasties. Shang Shu Ping Yi. listed in the fourth volume of Qun Jing Ping Yi, is one of those works. However, not much attention is paid to it and it still is a blind spot in academic research.Adhere to the spirit of seeking the truth and the attitude of critical thinking, Shang Shu Ping Yi makes equitable comments on Shang Shu with 180 entries of word exegesis in total. The compilation style of Shang Shu Ping Yi is coherent in general:first, quote Mei’s version or Yao’s version of Shang Shu; later, comment on them; last, present Yu Yue’s own point of view in the form of "note". Yu Yue’s "notes" illustrates his point by quotation from a number of sources and his comments are fair and just, all of which reveal his unique opinions on exegetics. Look in a comprehensive way, Yu Yue’s thoughts about the study of Chinese classics are coincident with the mainstream academic views in the period of between the Qianlong and Jiaqing-agreeing with learning modern style with ancient terms in Western Han Dynasty and learning ancient style with modem knowledge in Later Jin Dynasty; meanwhile, criticize Shang Shu Kong Zhuang, making 80% comments of the total 180 entries of word exegesis.Till now, Shang Shu Ping Yi still doesn’t have an edition that has punctuation and is checked in accordance with various related information. Therefore, this paper uses the edition of Shang Shu Ping Yi in Chun Zai Tang as basis, and then punctuates, collates as well as analyzes its text in multiple perspectives, hoping that a comprehensive research of Yu Yue’s exegetical thought on Shang Shu Ping Yi can be made.This paper will be divided into five parts:Introduction Make brief introduction of Yu Yue’s life and overview of researches on Shang Shu Ping Yi. Moreover, illustrate the significance of exegetical research of Shang Shu Ping Yi.Part One The exegeticai content of Shang Shu Ping Yi. Specifically, there are five sections. First, distinguish characters in Shang Shu Ping Yi, including 4 types:the connection and difference of interchanged characters. Ancient-modern Characters, variants and positive characters, and then analyze the characters which have same meaning with different shapes. In this way, the habit of using characters in Shang Shu Ping Yi can be concluded. Second section mainly discusses the omission of words and word classes. The omission of words is Menghou Shenglue. Word classes discuss auxiliary word of single syllable and sound overlapped word. The third section is about author’s comments on Yu Yue’s exegetical practice of pausing sentences by grammar and semantics. The forth section focuses on the collation of characters in Shang Shu Ping yi. The paper will respectively listed four types:mistaken words, lost words, misprinted words as well as reversed words and then analyze them. The fifth section mainly talks about rhetoric and regulations of Shang Shu Ping Yi.Part Two The exegetical terms in Shang Shu Ping Yi. The first section is about the term during the process of distinguishing characters; second is punctuation term and the third is paraphrase term. After systematic analysis about all kinds of term, a fact can be found that Yu Yue predominantly followed those traditional terms and showed some of his own ways.Part Three Exegetical methods of Shang Shu Ping Yi. There are six ways of seeking characters’meaning which are by grapheme, bypronunciation, by document, by related words or opposite words, by identical words and sentences, as well as by text. Among those six ways, the most frequently used way are by document and by pronunciation.Part Four Shang Shu Ping Yi’s achievements in exegetics. In general, four characteristics can be concluded. First, Shang Shu Ping Yi lays emphasis on explaining characters and homophones. Second, it quotes from a number of sources. Third, it is against the opinion of adding new words and interpret Chinese classics in a precise way. Fourth, it presents bold questions and creates new ideas. Hence, it has profound impact on researches of future generations.In summary, this paper displays Yu Yue’s academic status among Chinese exegetical study in the period of between the Qianlong and Jiaqing by exploring and arguing Shang Shu Ping Yi’s exegetics thoroughly and rigidly. In this way, a firm conclusion can be drawn that Shang Shu Ping Yi plays an important role in the study of Shang Shu.更多还原